Before the emergence of ultra-wideband (UWB) radios, widely used wireless communications were based on sinusoidal carriers, and impulse technologies were employed only in specific applications (e.g. radar). In 2002, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allowed unlicensed operation between 3.1–10.6 GHz for UWB communication, using a wideband signal format with a low EIRP level (−41.3dBm/MHz). UWB communication systems then emerged as an alternative to narrowband systems and significant effort in this area has been invested at the regulatory, commercial, and research levels.

IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques and Antennas and Propagation Announce a Joint Special Issue on Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology

This paper presents a novel method for designing Gysel power dividers with arbitrary power-division ratios as well as filtering responses. A coupling structure is utilized to replace the quarter-wavelength microstrip line in the power divider. By altering the coupling strength, the power ratio can be arbitrarily controlled with the highest ratio of 10:1. Furthermore, the coupling structures enable the filtering function of the power divider. Two transmission zeros are created near the passband edges, resulting in high-selectivity quasi-elliptic responses. Theoretical analysis is carried out, and closed-form equations are derived based on circuit theory and transmission line theory. For demonstration, three filtering Gysel power dividers are implemented with different power-division ratios (1:1, 3:1, and 10:1). In all of these circuits, power splitting and bandpass filtering functions are observed with good performance. Comparisons of the measured and simulated results are presented to verify the theoretical predications.

Gysel Power Divider With Arbitrary Power Ratios and Filtering Responses Using Coupling Structure

With the development of wireless communication technology, radiofrequency (RF) circuits and integrated circuits are becoming more complex and packing more functionality and signals into an ever closer space, with a high level of electromagnetic interaction between circuit nodes and interference/crosstalk from substrate coupling and free space [1]. Balanced/differential circuit technology has become more important in modern communication systems because of good commonmode rejection that leads to relatively high immunity to environmental noise when compared with the single-ended technology [1]-[3], as shown in Figure 1(a) and (b). For balanced circuits, the differential mode should have excellent out-of-band rejection and high selectivity for the desired frequency band, while the common mode should be suppressed over a wider frequency band. In the past few years, many microstrip balanced filters for single band and dual band with common-mode suppression have been realized [4]-[10], with different balanced networks, balanced driven antennas, balanced amplifiers, and mixers [11]-[18].

The Proper Balance: Overview of Microstrip Wideband Balance Circuits with Wideband Common Mode Suppression

In this paper, a balanced-to-unbalanced microstrip power divider based on branch lines with several stubs and one resistor is proposed. The functions of power dividing, frequency selectivity, isolation between output ports, and common-mode suppression can be realized at the same time. The even–odd-mode equivalent circuits combining with the standard S-parameters and the mixed-mode S-parameters are adopted to derive the analytical equations at the center frequency. One or two transmission zeros can be achieved to enhance the out-of-band suppression. The center frequency, bandwidth, isolation, common-mode suppression, and the frequencies of transmission zeros can be controlled by the design procedure. To verify the theoretical prediction, two fabricated prototypes are designed and compared. One gets 7.7% 1-dB bandwidth with 0.6-dB insertion loss and one transmission zero. The other gets 1-dB bandwidth of 5% with 0.7-dB insertion loss and two transmission zeros. The isolation and common-mode suppression for both prototypes are better than 15 and 20 dB within the whole passband, respectively.

A Balanced-to-Unbalanced Microstrip Power Divider With Filtering Function

Three novel wideband balanced-to-unbalanced filtering power dividers based on coupled lines are proposed in this paper. Multifunctional power dividers can replace various cascaded single devices to decrease integration mismatching loss and circuit size. The wideband response can be easily realized by the coupled lines structures. To further improve the differential-mode passband selectivity, open/shorted coupled lines and half-wavelength open stubs are applied to introduce two transmission zeros near the passband, respectively. In addition, a resistor in the middle of two single-ended ports can be used to realize isolation between out ports. To verify the proposed concepts, three prototypes of wideband balanced-to-unbalanced filtering power dividers operating at 2 GHz are designed and fabricated with the 4-dB differential-mode bandwidths of 80.5%, 71.5%, and 80%. All the structures show good performances for differential-mode out-of-band suppression, common-mode suppression, and isolation.

Wideband Balanced-to-Unbalanced Filtering Power Dividers Based on Coupled Lines

In this paper, a balanced-to-balanced power divider is proposed, for the first time, with arbitrary power division, which can be regarded as the balanced form of a Gysel power divider. The constraint rules are provided for its mixed-mode and single-ended S-parameters. The six-port network is analyzed by simplifying it to two-port networks with other ports matched at the central frequency. Its critical characteristic impedances are then calculated analytically by our derived equations according to the desired differential-mode power division ratio. The maximum achievable power division ratio is 1:4.692 when the characteristic impedances are limited within the realizable range of 20-120 Ω. The impacts of several freely selected design parameters on the operating bandwidth are explored numerically. A prototype is realized by microstrip lines and lumped resistors with the power division ratio of 1:32. The balanced-to-balanced performances of unequal power division, low differential-mode insertion loss, good suppression of common-mode noises, and mode conventions have been demonstrated by the simulated and measured results of the balanced-to-balanced power divider prototype.

A Balanced-to-Balanced Power Divider With Arbitrary Power Division

A new balanced-to-balanced Gysel power divider (PD) is proposed for high-power applications, based on a half-mode substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) ring. The ring has a circumference of 2.5 λg, and one port is used for good isolation. The balanced-to-balanced component is easily designed by converting its single-ended counterpart. With the equivalent impedance defined by voltage and current of half-mode SIW, the initial geometry is quickly obtained. Good performance is achieved with our proposed PD, which has been demonstrated by its simulated and measured mixed-mode S-parameters.

A Half-Mode Substrate Integrated Waveguide Ring for Two-Way Power Division of Balanced Circuit

A new dual-bandpass 180° hybrid coupler, based on four properly designed shorted-stub loaded stepped-impedance resonators, is proposed in this paper. In order to construct the collaboratively designed coupler/filter, the resonators are coupled magnetically and electrically with each other through three shorted stubs and an open coupled line, respectively. According to the approach of filter synthesis and the derived design equations, the characteristic admittances and electrical lengths of the resonators and coupling sections are determined to achieve the desired resonant frequencies, external Q factors, and internal coupling coefficients for dual passbands. A design procedure is provided. The design flexibilities for ratios of central frequencies and achievable bandwidths are explored. The component shows both filtering and power dividing functions within two specific passbands, whose good performances are demonstrated by the simulated and measured results. The two second-order passbands of a fabricated prototype are located at 2.42 and 5.84 GHz, with 4.6% and 5.2% bandwidths, respectively. The insertion losses are 1.0 and 1.4 dB over 3-dB power division. The isolations are better than 23.5 and 32.8 dB. In both the in-phase and out-of-phase responses, the in-band amplitude and phase imbalances are always within -1.6-0.6 dB and -6.5°-9.5°, respectively.

Collaborative Design of a New Dual-Bandpass 180 $^{\circ}$ Hybrid Coupler

In this paper, a new dual band balanced-to-balanced power divider is proposed. By using the dual frequency 90 - phase shifter based T model, the proposed balanced-to-balanced power divider can be deduced. By using the method in our previous work, the dual band balanced-to-balanced power divider could be designed with 1 : 1 power division. This balanced-to-balanced power divider is implemented on microstrip structure. Comparing the results calculated in analytical method with that simulated by the full-wave electromagnetic simulator, and that measured by the network analyzer, the flnal results show that they have a good mixed mode performance. The pass band 1 is from 2.395GHz to 2.550GHz, and the pass band 2 is from 5.245GHz to 5.30GHz. The maximum isolations for pass band 1 and pass band 2 are 17.8dB and 17.6dB, respectively.

https://www.jpier.org/pierc/pierc37/05.12121706.pdf

A New Dual Band Balanced-to-Balanced Power Divider

An ultra-wideband (UWB) balanced bandpass fllter (BPF) is proposed and designed using defected ground structures (DGSs). A multimode resonator on top layer with a coplanar waveguide on bottom layer is used to design a UWB BPF. U-shaped and H-shaped DGSs loaded with capacitor are used to design to provide common mode rejection within a lower band, while a set of dumbbell-shaped DGSs are utilized to provide common mode rejection within an upper-band. The proposed UWB balanced BPF shows the performance of good common mode rejection in and out of the UWB passband.

https://www.jpier.org/pierc/pierc25/11.11082503.pdf

An Ultra-Wideband Balanced Bandpass Filter Based on Defected Ground Structures

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