There is a growing interest in herbal medicine. Scientific studies have demonstrated the beneficial pharmacological effects of curcumin. Curcumin is a bright yellow spice, derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn. It has been proven that curcumin is a highly pleiotropic molecule which can be a modulator of intracellular signaling pathways that control cell growth, inflammation, and apoptosis. Curcumin might be a potential candidate for the prevention and/or treatment of some diseases due to its anti-oxidant, antiinflammatory activities and an excellent safety profile. We present an updated concise review of currently available animal and clinical studies demonstrating the therapeutic effect of curcumin.

A review of therapeutic effects of curcumin.

Curcumin is an herbal polyphenol extensively investigated for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidaemic properties. In the present review, the efficacy of curcumin for improving a plasma lipid profile has been evaluated and compared with statins, a well-known class of medicines for treating hypercholesterolemia and hyperlipidaemia. Curcumin is presumably most effective in reducing triglyceride (TG), while statins are most efficient in lowering low-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (LDL-C). Additionally, various molecular and metabolic mediators of cholesterol and plasma lipid homeostasis are discussed in relation to how they are modulated by curcumin or statins. Overall, curcumin influences the same mediators of plasma lipid alteration as statins do. Almost all the pathways through which cholesterol trafficking takes place are affected by these agents. These include gastrointestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol, hepatocellular removal of plasma cholesterol, the mediators of reverse cholesterol transport, and removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues. Moreover, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging potential of curcumin limits the risk of lipid peroxidation that triggers inflammatory responses causing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and atherosclerosis. Taken together, curcumin could be used as a safe and well-tolerated adjunct to statins to control hyperlipidaemia more effectively than statins alone.

Curcumin as a potential candidate for treating hyperlipidemia: A review of cellular and metabolic mechanisms.

Stress granules (SGs) are membraneless cell compartments formed in response to different stress stimuli, wherein translation factors, mRNAs, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and other proteins coalesce together. SGs assembly is crucial for cell survival, since SGs are implicated in the regulation of translation, mRNA storage and stabilization and cell signalling, during stress. One defining feature of SGs is their dynamism, as they are quickly assembled upon stress and then rapidly dispersed after the stress source is no longer present. Recently, SGs dynamics, their components and their functions have begun to be studied in the context of human diseases. Interestingly, the regulated protein self-assembly that mediates SG formation contrasts with the pathological protein aggregation that is a feature of several neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, aberrant protein coalescence is a key feature of polyglutamine (PolyQ) diseases, a group of nine disorders that are caused by an abnormal expansion of PolyQ tract-bearing proteins, which increases the propensity of those proteins to aggregate. Available data concerning the abnormal properties of the mutant PolyQ disease-causing proteins and their involvement in stress response dysregulation strongly suggests an important role for SGs in the pathogenesis of PolyQ disorders. This review aims at discussing the evidence supporting the existence of a link between SGs functionality and PolyQ disorders, by focusing on the biology of SGs and on the way it can be altered in a PolyQ disease context.

/pdf/stress-granules-rna-binding-proteins-and-polyglutamine-eg4ij4ivbu.pdf

Stress granules, RNA-binding proteins and polyglutamine diseases: too much aggregation?

Orally administered curcumin has been found to have a moderate therapeutic effect on dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. The present study was conducted to determine lipid-modulating and antiatherosclerosis effects of injectable curcumin in the rabbit model of atherosclerosis induced by a high cholesterol diet (HCD). New Zealand white male rabbits were fed on a normal chow enriched with 0.5% (w/w) cholesterol for 8 weeks. Atherosclerotic rabbits were randomly divided into three groups, including a control group receiving intravenous (IV) injection of the saline buffer, two treatment groups receiving IV administration of the injectable curcumin at low (1 mg/kg/week) and high (10 mg/kg/week) over 4 weeks. Plasma lipid parameters, including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) were measured. Aortic arch atherosclerotic lesions were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The low dose of curcumin significantly reduced plasma levels of TC, LDL-C, and TG by −14.19 ± 5.19%, −6.22 ± 1.77%, and − 29.84 ± 10.14%, respectively, and increased HDL-C by 14.05 ± 6.39% (p 0.05) in the low-dose curcumin groups, compared to control rabbits. The median (interquartile range) of plaque grades in the high dose and low dose, and control groups was found to be 2 [2-3], 3 [2-3], and 4 [3-4], respectively. The injectable curcumin could significantly improve dyslipidemia and alleviate atherosclerotic lesion in HCD-induced atherosclerotic rabbits.

Intravenous Curcumin Mitigates Atherosclerosis Progression in Cholesterol-Fed Rabbits.

Turmeric, also known as Curcuma longa, is growing in popularity across the globe due to its countless historically recognized benefits to human health. People are incorporating this spice in one way or another into their diets because of the positive impacts it is known for. In many clinical aspects, this spice has proved to heal and show positive results in various types of illnesses amongst patients. Most importantly, turmeric is known for its crucial roles in the ancient Indian practice of Ayurveda medicine, also known as homeopathic medicine in the western world. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), an irreversible type of dementia that causes patients to have problems with their memory and behavior, is one of the leading causes of death in the United States of America. When comparing the statistics of AD related deaths in the United States to Asian countries, the numbers are quite high. With turmeric being one of the key ingredients in Asian foods, a potential correlation between Alzheimer’s disease and the consumption of turmeric may be the reasoning behind the low deaths related to AD. Related studies were explored to examine the benefits of turmeric and its role in prevention of Alzheimer’s disease.

The Effects of Turmeric on Alzheimer’s Patients

Background Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion has been well depicted as a common pathological status contributing to neurodegenerative disease such as vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) Cholesterol is critical to brain growth, but high levels of cholesterol have been associated with neurogenerative disease The liver X receptor-b/retinoid X receptor –a (LXR/RXR)-regulated gene ABCA1 effluxes cellular cholesterol to apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), which play important role in reverse cholesterol transport Recent studies have found that Curcumin decrease brain inflammation and exert neuroprotective effect We hypothesized that Curcumin may alleviate hypoperfusion through affecting cholesterol homeostasis by LXR/RXR-ABCA1-apoA1 pathway

/pdf/curcumin-promotes-cholesterol-efflux-from-brain-through-lxr-qf7b88m55v.pdf

Curcumin promotes cholesterol efflux from brain through LXR/RXR-ABCA1-apoA1 pathway in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion aging-rats

Background Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion has been associated with cognitive decline in aging and Alzheimer’s disease Vascular dementia produced by permanent, bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries in aging rats involves progressive deterioration of intellectual and cognitive function in rats, which are closely associated with the hippocampus In recent years, it was believed that vascular dementia results from corporation of several factors, in which cholesterol homeostasis and lipoprotein disturbances appear to play an important role Liver X receptor-b(LXR-b), retinoic X receptor-a(RXR-a), ABCA1 and apolipoprotein A I are thought to be important factors in the mechanism of neurological disease, such as Alzheimer’s disease But the exact mechanism about vascular dementia is not clear Here we focus on the mechanism of vascular dementia and offer some new and useful methods in the design of early diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to treat and prevent the progression in vascular dementia Method Fifty aging male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 12 months and weighing 460~530g, were randomly divided into five groups: as ham-operated group, 1, 2, 3, 4w eeks after 2VO, with 10 rats in each group The brain tissue lysates were collected for RT-PCR, Western blot assay detecting the expression of LXR-b ,R XR-a ,A BCA1 and aopA I undering the low blood perfusion Immunofluorescent double labeled analysis was used to detect the expression and location of LXR-b and RXR-a in the hippocampus in a vascular dementia model The serum levels of HDL, TC were measured by automatic biochemical analyzer Results RT-PCR and Western blot results showed that the expression of LXR-b ,R XR-a ,A BCA1, apoA Im RNA and protein mildly decrease in the 1 weeks after permanent ligation of the bilateral common carotid arteries, compared with a sham-operated group (P<005) However, the protein expression peaked at 2 weeks post-surgery (P<005), accompanied by severe ischemia The expression of these proteins decrease at 3 and 4 weeks, accompanied by recovery of cerebral blood flow Meanwhile, the dynamic alterations of serum levels of HDL and TC were also found (P<005) Immunofluorescent staining results not only confirmed the above changes, but also showed that the LXR/RXR heterodimers function as sensors for cellular oxysterols flow in vascular dementia

/pdf/chronic-cerebral-hypoperfusion-induces-abca1-and-3aybadco51.pdf

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induces ABCA1 and apolipoprotein A I mediated cellular cholesterol efflux by activating LXR/RXR in aging rat brain

Background Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is believed to be a critical factor on the occurrence of AD and VaD for which there is no effective therapy currently. It has been reported that high levels of circulating high density lipoprotein (HDL) can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Although the relationship between cognitive function and serum lipids has captured attention, previous studies have shown ambiguous results. We investigated the effects of Curcumin on cognitive impairment and serum HDL levels and investigated whether increasing serum HDL levels ameliorate VAD-like cognitive deficits in rats induced by permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries (2VO).

/pdf/curcumin-preserves-cognitive-function-and-improve-serum-hdl-2ithftxn8k.pdf

Curcumin preserves cognitive function and improve serum HDL in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion aging-rats

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Curcumin promotes cholesterol efflux from brain through LXR/RXR-ABCA1-apoA1 pathway in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion aging-rats

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induces ABCA1 and apolipoprotein A I mediated cellular cholesterol efflux by activating LXR/RXR in aging rat brain

Curcumin preserves cognitive function and improve serum HDL in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion aging-rats