One of the keys to the implementation of hydrogen energy technology is the production of hydrogen. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of patents related to hydrogen production from the years 2013–2022. Using the Derwent World Patents Index (DWPI), the study includes bibliometric analysis, technology evaluation, and technology updates in the field of hydrogen production. The review focuses on the most recent patents related to hydrogen production and aims to identify the most promising methods for the efficient production of hydrogen. Special attention is given to innovations involving multiphase materials and novel electrocatalysts. The bibliometric analysis examines the patent landscape, identifies the top assignee, leading countries, and assesses patent trends in the field. Additionally, the review provides an overview of the various technologies used for hydrogen production and highlights the latest technology updates in hydrogen production, which include the new sources to produce hydrogen, the development of the device, the updated processing method, and the development of catalysts. Based on our analysis, China has emerged as the frontrunner in hydrogen patent publications, with the Huaneng Group being the top assignee. This review also highlighted on the factors contributing to China's prominent position in this field. Furthermore, the analysis of IPC codes reveals that electrolysis has emerged as the dominant method for hydrogen production, with a total of 611 patents published over a period of 10 years. Following closely behind is the decomposition of inorganic compounds, such as ammonia, employing diverse techniques like thermal decomposition and photolysis, with 464 patents granted over the same duration. This current patent review can be fully utilized by the researchers to keep abreast of the latest trends in hydrogen-generating strategies which could potentially aid in the development of innovative technologies and applications in the field. 

Patent landscape review of hydrogen production methods: Assessing technological updates and innovations

With the rise of the hydrogen energy industry, countries worldwide have introduced relevant policies to elevate the development of the hydrogen energy industry to the height of national energy strategy, and hydrogen energy will become a significant factor affecting the future industrial structure and national competitiveness. The path of technology evolution can trace the history of technology development and predict the trend of technology development, which can help to grasp the first opportunity of technological innovation and lead the direction of technological development. However, there are fewer studies on technology evolution in hydrogen energy. The existing studies mainly use bibliometrics to mine a single technology, and the studies using text mining suffer from the defect that keywords are difficult to decipher. Given this, this paper conducts research on identifying the technology evolution path in the field of hydrogen energy, adopts text mining methods to mine patent data, and introduces document vectorization and phrase mining algorithms to improve the mining depth while increasing the interpretability of the results. It is found that the hydrogen energy industry is in a period of rapid development; the succession and integration of hydrogen energy technologies are good, and the technological development trend focuses on hydrogen storage materials, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and green hydrogen preparation. 

Patent text mining based hydrogen energy technology evolution path identification

The impact of hydrogen injection pressure and timing on exhaust, mechanical vibration, and noise emissions in a CI engine fueled with hydrogen-diesel

Thermodynamic analysis of vapor-cooled shield with para-to-ortho hydrogen conversion in composite multilayer insulation structure for liquid hydrogen tank

In a world grappling with escalating energy needs, environmental concerns, and economic constraints, the transition to renewable energy becomes critical. This study delves into geothermal energy, a promising renewable source, to develop four distinctive tri-generation systems (producing power, heat, and freshwater) optimized for economic efficiency and investment returns. The primary focus is on assessing these systems through an innovative lens of economic viability, including net present value (NPV) and payback periods, alongside their thermodynamic performance. Notably, System B emerges as the most economically advantageous, boasting the shortest payback period of 3.65 years and the highest NPV of $2.38 million, while System C trails with the lowest NPV of $0.32 million. Additionally, System D, identified as optimally complementary, undergoes comprehensive optimization using advanced algorithms and machine learning, achieving notable efficiencies and cost-effectiveness in power output, exergy, and freshwater production. This study not only underscores the potential of geothermal tri-generation systems in meeting energy, heat, and water needs but also highlights their significant economic benefits and investment attractiveness, offering a compelling case for their adoption in sustainable energy strategies. 

Economic viability and investment returns of innovative geothermal tri-generation systems: A comparative study

Technological innovation is important to further reduce the cost of hydrogen fuel cells (HFC) and enhance commercial availability. Technology patents hydrogen fuel cell play an important role in understanding the trend of technological innovation and future policymaking. By extracting patent data of hydrogen fuel cells from IncoPat database between 2003 and 2022, the knowledge map of hydrogen fuel cell technology was drawn in this paper based on the statistical analysis method and IPC co-category analysis method. The results shows that: (1) From the technology life cycle trajectory, 2003–2013 is the initial stage of hydrogen fuel cell technology, and 2014–2022 is the rapid development period of hydrogen fuel cells. (2) Through mapping the knowledge map of hotspots in the hydrogen fuel cell technology field using IPC co-category analysis, knowledge map shows 849 nodes and 6116 connected lines, and the network density is 0.017. (3) From the hydrogen fuel cell technology clustering map, a total of nine hot topics were formed in 2003–2022, namely H01M8/04089, C08J5/22, H01M4/88, H01M8/0228, H01M8/10, C25B1/04, G01N27/12, F04D29/58, F17C13/02. (4) 59 significant IPCs were placed in the hydrogen fuel cell technology domain from 2003 to 2022. Moreover, the hydrogen fuel cell technology evolution can be divided into three phases, 2003–2008, 2008–2018, and 2018–2022, respectively. 

Understanding innovation of new energy industry: Observing development trend and evolution of hydrogen fuel cell based on patent mining

As the penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) in the grid increases, the requirements for Automatic Generation Control (AGC) frequency regulation and reserve services should also be adjusted. RESs have great potential to provide auxiliary services, however, RESs also face the problem of revenue trade-off between participation in the electricity energy market and the auxiliary frequency regulation service market. Opportunity cost can help decision-makers make a reasonable allocation of resources and maximize the theoretical benefits. In this context, an opportunity cost calculation model for RESs in delivering AGC service is provided in this paper. The calculation process of the opportunity cost for RESs to provide AGC auxiliary services is proposed in this paper. To analysis the opportunity cost of the RES plants providing frequency adjustment service, the modified IEEE 6-bus system with two thermal power plants, two wind power plants, and one photovoltaic power plant, is adopted in this paper. Firstly, the clearing results of the electric market in the system is adopted. Then, the opportunity cost of the RESs with AGC is calculated. Finally, by comparing the opportunity cost per unit of capacity of frequency adjustment service and the AGC compensation price in the North Grid of China and the Northwest Grid of China, the optimal decision of AGC participation factor $a$ can be obtained. Case studies reveal that the marginal opportunity cost of AGC capacity for RESs increase with the growth of the AGC capacity. As a result, total revenue of the RESs reaches the maximum value at an appropriate ratio of AGC capacity, and this ratio is the optimal decision.

Opportunity cost analysis of renewable energy participation in AGC frequency regulation

As a key power system primal frequency regulation (PFR) resource, the PFR performance evaluation of thermal power units has a significant meaning. However, most PFR performance evaluation depends on the unit performance test which leads to a result different from the actual operation performance. In this paper, a PFR performance evaluation based on frequency regulation data segment identification in daily operation is proposed. Firstly, the ramping data segments from daily operating data are selected by the improved swinging door algorithm. Secondly, PFR data segments are identified by three rules. Thirdly, three evaluation indicators including the response time, the adjustment coefficient, and the stable time of the units are calculated and a comprehensive index is formulated to evaluate the PFR performance of thermal power units by the entropy-osculating value method. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by a practical case.

Primary frequency regulation performance evaluation of thermal power units based on frequency regulation data segment identification using improved swinging door algorithm

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Understanding innovation of new energy industry: Observing development trend and evolution of hydrogen fuel cell based on patent mining

Opportunity cost analysis of renewable energy participation in AGC frequency regulation

Primary frequency regulation performance evaluation of thermal power units based on frequency regulation data segment identification using improved swinging door algorithm