With the rapid development of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), vehicular communication networks have been widely studied in recent years. Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) can provide efficient real-time information exchange among vehicles without the need of pervasive roadside communication infrastructure. Although mobile cellular networks are capable of providing wide coverage for vehicular users, the requirements of services that require stringent real-time safety cannot always be guaranteed by cellular networks. Therefore, the Heterogeneous Vehicular NETwork (HetVNET), which integrates cellular networks with DSRC, is a potential solution for meeting the communication requirements of the ITS. Although there are a plethora of reported studies on either DSRC or cellular networks, joint research of these two areas is still at its infancy. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on recent wireless networks techniques applied to HetVNETs. Firstly, the requirements and use cases of safety and non-safety services are summarized and compared. Consequently, a HetVNET framework that utilizes a variety of wireless networking techniques is presented, followed by the descriptions of various applications for some typical scenarios. Building such HetVNETs requires a deep understanding of heterogeneity and its associated challenges. Thus, major challenges and solutions that are related to both the Medium Access Control (MAC) and network layers in HetVNETs are studied and discussed in detail. Finally, we outline open issues that help to identify new research directions in HetVNETs.

Heterogeneous Vehicular Networking: A Survey on Architecture, Challenges, and Solutions

Support of femtocells is an integral part of the Long Term Evolution - Advanced (LTE-A) system and a key enabler for its wide adoption in a broad scale. Femtocells are short-range, low-power and low-cost cellular stations which are installed by the consumers in an unplanned manner. Even though current literature includes various studies towards understanding the main challenges of interference management in the presence of femtocells, little light has been shed on the open issues of mobility management (MM) in the two-tier macrocell-femtocell network. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive discussion on the key aspects and research challenges of MM support in the presence of femtocells, with the emphasis given on the phases of a) cell identification, b) access control, c) cell search, d) cell selection/reselection, e) handover (HO) decision, and f) HO execution. A detailed overview of the respective MM procedures in the LTE-A system is also provided to better comprehend the solutions and open issues posed in real-life systems. Based on the discussion for the HO decision phase, we subsequently survey and classify existing HO decision algorithms for the two-tier macrocell-femtocell network, depending on the primary HO decision criterion used. For each class, we overview up to three representative algorithms and provide detailed flowcharts to describe their fundamental operation. A comparative summary of the main decision parameters and key features of selected HO decision algorithms concludes this work, providing insights for future algorithmic design and standardization activities.

Mobility Management for Femtocells in LTE-Advanced: Key Aspects and Survey of Handover Decision Algorithms

As heterogeneous networks (HetNets) emerge as one of the most promising developments toward realizing the target specifications of Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) networks, radio resource management (RRM) research for such networks has, in recent times, been intensively pursued Clearly, recent research mainly concentrates on the aspect of interference mitigation Other RRM aspects, such as radio resource utilization, fairness, complexity, and QoS, have not been given much attention In this paper, we aim to provide an overview of the key challenges arising from HetNets and highlight their importance Subsequently, we present a comprehensive survey of the RRM schemes that have been studied in recent years for LTE/LTE-A HetNets, with a particular focus on those for femtocells and relay nodes Furthermore, we classify these RRM schemes according to their underlying approaches In addition, these RRM schemes are qualitatively analyzed and compared to each other We also identify a number of potential research directions for future RRM development Finally, we discuss the lack of current RRM research and the importance of multi-objective RRM studies

Recent Advances in Radio Resource Management for Heterogeneous LTE/LTE-A Networks

Mobile cloud computing (MCC) is an appealing paradigm enabling users to enjoy the vast computation power and abundant network services ubiquitously with the support of remote cloud. However, the wireless networks and mobile devices have to face many challenges due to the limited radio resources, battery power and communications capabilities, which may significantly impede the improvement of service qualities. Heterogeneous Network (HetNet), which has multiple types of low power radio access nodes in addition to the traditional macrocell nodes in a wireless network, is widely accepted as a promising way to satisfy the unrelenting traffic demand. In this article, we first introduce the framework of HetNet for MCC, identifying the main functional blocks. Then, the current state of the art techniques for each functional block are briefly surveyed, and the challenges for supporting MCC applications in HetNet under our proposed framework are discussed. We also envision the future for MCC in HetNet before drawing the conclusion.

Challenges on wireless heterogeneous networks for mobile cloud computing

This paper proposes a telecom big data based user offloading self-optimisation TBDUOS scheme. Its aim is to assist telecom operators to effectively balancing the load distribution with achieving good service performance and customer management in heterogeneous relay cellular systems. To achieve these objectives, in the cell-level offloaded traffic analysis stage, the optimal offloaded traffic is calculated to minimise the total blocking probability. In the user-level offloading stage, the user portrait is drawn and the K-MEANS algorithm is employed to manage the users clustering in the heavily loaded cell, and finally shifting users to assistant cells. Simulation results show the TBDUOS scheme can effectively reduce the handover failure and call dropping of specific users, especially voice/stream users, high consumption users, high level users. The TBDUOS scheme can also reduce the blocking probability.

Telecom Big Data Based User Offloading Self-Optimisation in Heterogeneous Relay Cellular Systems

This article presents the architecture of MCN toward 3G LTE-Advanced with TDD. On the assumption that L2 RN and L3 RN can provide their own RRM functions, several important RRM functions including routing, link adaptation, and scheduling in MAC layers at RNs can help the eNB to handle the radio resources efficiently. In general, the RN with higher implementation complexity has the ability to provide more flexible RRM with more overhead. Our dynamic system-level simulations show that the MCN outperform the networks without relaying in terms of SINR and throughput.

Multihop cellular networks toward LTE-advanced

Recently there has been an upsurge of interests in the multihop infrastructures for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-based cellular networks in both academia and industry. In this article, we first present an overview of the interference coordination strategies in OFDM-based multihop cellular networks. Then, based on the framework of third-generation LTE-Advanced networks with multihop relaying, several typical static or semi-static interference coordination schemes are proposed to improve the coverage and increase the cell edge data rate. By applying these schemes, the radio resources can be reused with certain limitations on either the frequency or time domain, or even both of them. Dynamic system-level simulations are also carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed interference coordination schemes.

Interference coordination for OFDM-based multihop LTE-advanced networks

This paper investigates the spatial resource allocation algorithms for the uplink Virtual-MIMO (Multiple Input and Multiple Output) systems, where K client users (each with one or multiple antennas) are served by one multiple-antenna BS (Base Station). To fully exploit the spatial multi-user diversity gain, the finding of the optimal spatial co-channel users is discussed, which is formulated as a mixed binary integer programming problem. Based on the property of hermitian matrix, simulated annealing is used to recursively find the suboptimal spatial co-channel user group. By simulation results, our proposed strategy has almost the same system throughput performance as the optimal greedy algorithm, and can maintain lower computation complexity.

Spatial Multi-User Pairing for Uplink Virtual-MIMO Systems with Linear Receiver

In this paper, we present a dynamic resource allocation algorithm, termed Dynamic Major group Allocation (DMA), based on Soft Frequency Reuse (SFR) which is an efficient method to mitigate inter-cell interference (ICI) in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems. DMA defines the method that Radio Network Controller (RNC) orthogonally assigns resource to Cell Edge Users (CEU) in neighboring cells (or sectors) firstly, and then each cell allocal.es its residual resource to Cell Center Users (CCU) according to PF scheduling. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed DMA algorithm carries superior throughput performance of CEU over the traditional two-level resource allocation scheme (TLA) which simply combines SFR with PF.

A Dynamic Resource Allocation Scheme Based on Soft Frequency Reuse for OFDMA Systems

Group-based User Pairing for Virtual MIMO in LTE

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