Reducing the swelling of tissue‐adhesive hydrogels is crucial for maintaining stable tissue adhesion and inhibiting tissue inflammation. However, reported strategies for reducing swelling always result in a simultaneous decrease in the tissue adhesive strength of the hydrogel. Furthermore, once the covalent bonds break in the currently reported hydrogels, they cannot be rebuilt, and the hydrogel loses its tissue adhesive ability. In this work, a nonswelling hydrogel (named as “PAACP”) possessing regenerable high tissue adhesion is synthesized by copolymerizing and crosslinking poly(vinyl butyral) with acrylic acid, gelatin, and chitosan‐grafted N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine. The tissue adhesive strength of the obtained PAACP reaches 211.4 kPa, which is approximately ten times higher than that of the reported nonswelling hydrogels, and the hydrogel can be reused for multiple cycles. The as‐prepared hydrogel shows great potential in soft bioelectronics, as muscle fatigue is successfully monitored via the electrode array and strain sensor integrated on PAACP substrates. The success of these bioelectronics offers potential applicability in the long‐term diagnosis of muscle‐related health conditions and prosthetic manipulations.

A Nonswelling Hydrogel with Regenerable High Wet Tissue Adhesion for Bioelectronics

Wound management materials and technologies from bench to bedside and beyond

The human body continuously emits physiological and psychological information from head to toe. Wearable electronics capable of noninvasively and accurately digitizing this information without compromising user comfort or mobility have the potential to revolutionize telemedicine, mobile health, and both human-machine or human-metaverse interactions. However, state-of-the-art wearable electronics face limitations regarding wearability and functionality due to the mechanical incompatibility between conventional rigid, planar electronics and soft, curvy human skin surfaces. E-Tattoos, a unique type of wearable electronics, are defined by their ultrathin and skin-soft characteristics, which enable noninvasive and comfortable lamination on human skin surfaces without causing obstruction or even mechanical perception. This review article offers an exhaustive exploration of e-tattoos, accounting for their materials, structures, manufacturing processes, properties, functionalities, applications, and remaining challenges. We begin by summarizing the properties of human skin and their effects on signal transmission across the e-tattoo-skin interface. Following this is a discussion of the materials, structural designs, manufacturing, and skin attachment processes of e-tattoos. We classify e-tattoo functionalities into electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, and chemical sensing, as well as wound healing and other treatments. After discussing energy harvesting and storage capabilities, we outline strategies for the system integration of wireless e-tattoos. In the end, we offer personal perspectives on the remaining challenges and future opportunities in the field.

E-Tattoos: Toward Functional but Imperceptible Interfacing with Human Skin.

Human-machine interactions are becoming increasingly required for intelligent sensing and effective manipulation. Recent developments in flexible piezoelectric sensors with short response time and high force-electric interconversion efficiency present a tendency toward facilitating diverse human-machine interactive applications. Here, we review the development of flexible piezoelectric human-machine interactions in the context of robotic control, the Internet of Things, sports coaching and acoustic therapeutics. The synthesis of unique materials, the distinct design of device structures, the typical applications of piezoelectric human-machine interactions and the integration of cutting-edge technologies are elaborated in detail based on recent research. Finally, we highlight the current challenges and directions for the development of piezoelectric human-machine interactions for more advanced application scenarios.

Recent progress in flexible piezoelectric devices toward human-machine interactions

Using smart electroactive hydrogels with emerging bioelectronics to monitor wound status wirelessly in real-time is a promising approach as an unremitting therapy for refractory chronic wounds. Based on a natural skin-derived organohydrogel (SGC@MA-Gel) triboelectric nanogenerator, a bioresorbable, battery-free, and wireless smart wound treatment bioelectronic system for pharmacological treatment, nanogenerator-driven electrostimulation, and visual wound condition assessment was engineered in this study. The inherent hierarchical architecture and origins of natural skin, in tandem with the substantial loading capabilities of collagen-based biomaterials, endowed SGC@MA-Gel with favorable characteristics. These included mechanical and adhesive robustness, electrical conductivity, antibacterial properties, controlled on-demand drug release capabilities, and human physiological signal monitoring performance. The customizable bioelectronic system, developed in-house, employs a single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator, which facilitates skin wound healing via electrostimulation. Consequently, the system's biosensors can simultaneously measure glucose, uric acid, and pH at wound sites, thereby enabling accurate wound diagnosis and real-time assessment. This system accelerates cell proliferation and wound healing in vitro and in vivo, which validates its effectiveness in chronic wound treatment. The results demonstrated that the smart wound treatment bioelectronic system could provide a facile therapeutic strategy to assist with integrated wound monitoring, diagnosis, and therapy for hospitalized patients and those recovering at home. 

Smart battery-free and wireless bioelectronic platform based on a nature-skin-derived organohydrogel for chronic wound diagnosis, assessment, and accelerated healing

Wound healing is one of the most complex processes in the human body, supported by many cellular events that are tightly coordinated to repair the wound efficiently. Chronic wounds have potentially life-threatening consequences. Traditional wound dressings come in direct contact with wounds to help them heal and avoid further complications. However, traditional wound dressings have some limitations. These dressings do not provide real-time information on wound conditions, leading clinicians to miss the best time for adjusting treatment. Moreover, the current diagnosis of wounds is relatively subjective. Wearable electronics have become a unique platform to potentially monitor wound conditions in a continuous manner accurately and even to serve as accelerated healing vehicles. In this review, we briefly discuss the wound status with some objective parameters/biomarkers influencing wound healing, followed by the presentation of various novel wearable devices used for monitoring wounds and accelerating wound healing. We further summarize the associated device working principles. This review concludes by highlighting some major challenges in wearable devices toward wound healing that need to be addressed by the research community.

https://softscijournal.com/article/download/4973

Wearable electronics for skin wound monitoring and healing

Alternate wetting and drying irrigation is a widely used irrigation method for water-savings and high-yielding in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production; however, its effect on grain yield (GY) in the main and ratoon crops is unclear. With two rice cultivars as materials, the effects on GY in the main and ratoon crop of three irrigation regimes, that is, conventional flooding irrigation (CI), alternate wetting and moderate soil drying irrigation (WMD), and alternate wetting and severe soil drying irrigation (WSD), during grain filling of the main crop were investigated. Compared with CI, WMD increased GY by 6.0∼6.5% in the main crop by increasing the 1,000-grain weight and filled grain rate, whereas the ratoon crop GY increased by 13.3∼14.6% via increased panicle number. The WSD had no significant effects on the main crop GY, but significantly decreased ratoon crop GY by decreasing panicle number. A higher leaf photosynthetic rate, leaf area index, root oxidation activity, dry matter accumulation and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) translocation under WMD primarily drove the increased 1,000-grain weight and filled grain rate in the main crop. Under WMD, higher soluble sugar contents catalysed by high amylase activity and higher zeatin + zeatin riboside in stems of the main crop promoted the growth of regenerated buds and increased the ratoon crop panicle number. In conclusion, WMD during grain filling of the main crop improved the growth and development of the main crop and promote the germination of regenerated buds, thereby increasing the GY of both main and ratoon crops. 

Alternate wetting and moderate soil drying could increase grain yields in both main and ratoon rice crops

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Wearable electronics for skin wound monitoring and healing

Alternate wetting and moderate soil drying could increase grain yields in both main and ratoon rice crops