Conducting polymers (CPs) such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), and polythiophene (PTh) are used for the corrosion protection of metals and metal alloys. Several groups have reported diverse views about the corrosion protection by CPs and hence various mechanisms have been suggested to explain anticorrosion properties of CPs. These include anodic protection, controlled inhibitor release as well as barrier protection mechanisms. Different approaches have been developed for the use of CPs in protective coatings (dopants, composites, blends). A judicious choice of synthesis parameters leads to an improvement in the anticorrosion properties of the coatings prepared by CPs for metals and their alloys. This article is prepared as a review of the application of CPs for corrosion protection of metal alloys.

Conducting polymers for corrosion protection: a review

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful analytical technique, which allows quantitative detection of chemical species with molecular specificity and single-molecule sensitivity. These useful properties can be further combined with portable Raman spectrometers which allow SERS to be potentially employed at the point-of-care. As a result, SERS has found a wide range of potential applications in both real-life chemical analysis and fundamental mechanistic studies. Despite these advantages, true applications of SERS have been limited due to its high cost, which arises mainly from the fact that SERS relies on expensive single-use Ag/Au enhancing substrates suitable only for the analysis of pure samples. A viable approach to address this issue is to develop multifunctional SERS substrates, which in addition to providing Raman signal enhancement, is armed with other practical functionalities that simplifies the analysis and/or allows the substrate to be regenerated for repeated use. This review gives an account of the recent progress in the fabrication of multi-functional SERS substrates, namely flexible, separation-enhancement-in-one, calibration-enhancement-in-one and regeneration-enhancement-in-one substrates. Specific focus is placed on summarizing and discussing the most widely used strategies to incorporate each type of functionality and their respective advantages and drawbacks. Finally, we present our perspectives on the future challenges and potential opportunities in the development of smart multifunctional SERS sensors for achieving sustainable and wide-spread application of SERS.

/pdf/towards-practical-and-sustainable-sers-a-review-of-recent-7al68aiuj1.pdf

Towards practical and sustainable SERS: a review of recent developments in the construction of multifunctional enhancing substrates

Real-time monitoring of neonicotinoid pesticide residues is of great significance for food security and sustainable development of the ecological environment. Herein, a paper-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) amplified approach was proposed by virtue of multilayered plasmonic coupling amplification. The unique plasmonic SERS multilayer was constructed using three-dimensional (3D) silver dendrite (SD)/electropolymerized molecular identifier (EMI)/silver nanoparticle (AgNP) sandwich hybrids with multiple hotspots and a strong electromagnetic field in nanogaps. Dendritelike 3D silver materials with remarkably high accessible surface areas and the lightning rod effect constituted the first-order enhancement of paper-based sensors. Molecular identifiers coated upon an SD layer as the interlayer were used for target capture and enrichment. Subsequently, AgNPs featuring rough surface and local plasma resonance decorated as the top layer formed the secondary enhancement of the amplification strategy. As the most brilliant part, dendritelike 3D silver coupled with AgNPs has established double Ag layers to accomplish a multistage enhancement of SERS signals based on the superposition of their electromagnetic fields. Owning to the distinctive design of the multiple coupling amplification strategy, the fabricated SERS paper chips demonstrated impressive specificity and ultrahigh sensitivity in the detection of imidacloprid (IMI), with a detection limit as low as 0.02811 ng mL-1. More importantly, the multiple SERS enhancement paper chip holds great potential for automated screening of a variety of contaminants.

Paper-Based SERS Sensing Platform Based on 3D Silver Dendrites and Molecularly Imprinted Identifier Sandwich Hybrid for Neonicotinoid Quantification.

As an important analysis technology, SERS has the characteristics of fast, sensitive, informative and highly selective. The sensitivity and reproducibility are highly dependent on the properties of SERS substrate, thus it is a study hotspot in SERS quantitative. Although solid phase substrates are widely and early utilized in SERS detection, there are some problems in reproducibility and accuracy and complicated drying process. With development of nanotechnology, facile, highly SERS active, stable and reproducible nanosol substrates were prepared that overcome the problems and fills the gap in this area and expands the application field of SERS quantitative analysis. Using nanoenzyme and bioenzyme catalysis of nanoparticle and molecular reactions to amplify SERS signal, and aptamer to improve the selectivity, some highly sensitive and selective nanosol SERS quantitative analysis methods have been developed with good accuracy. Combining with the work of our group, this paper summarizes the progress of SERS quantitative analysis.

Nanosol SERS quantitative analytical method: A review

Rapid and highly sensitive SERS detection of fungicide based on flexible “wash free” metallic textile

A novel two-side-activatable high-performance surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate is developed based on the tape-imprinting method. It features 3D full-space-distributed hot spots originating from the hierarchical lotus seedpod-like silver arrays, which offer ultrasensitive, uniform, reproducible, and reliable quantitative measurements with an inherent internal standard. This excellent SERS substrate also holds great promise in practical in situ molecule detection on curved surfaces, such as pesticides on fruit, which is not yet possible with the traditional rigid or flexible material-based SERS counterparts.

Tape-Imprinted Hierarchical Lotus Seedpod-Like Arrays for Extraordinary Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.

Introducing foreign particles or agents as nucleator is an efficient way to promote crystallization in the crystal growth field, with the advantage to speed up the crystallizing rate and control the growth process. However, in the field of organic crystalline film growth, where the crystallization and morphology modulation are of significant importance in optoelectronics, this method has rarely been utilized. Particularly, some potential high-performance materials such as rubrene face the problem of crystallization during film formation. Here a strategy is reported to promote the crystallization of rubrene films in the initial stage assisted by foreign particles. Highly ordered thin film from the sub-monolayer stage can be achieved. Efficient charge transport and high mobility up to 2.95 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) are achieved on thus ultrathin crystalline films. Such a method enables the well controlling of the film growth from the very early stage and produces uniform crystalline films with good reproducibility, thus highly promising to yield desired optoelectrical properties and applications.

Foreign Particle Promoted Crystalline Nucleation for Growing High-Quality Ultrathin Rubrene Films.

Conductive Polymer Nanostructures

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Tape-Imprinted Hierarchical Lotus Seedpod-Like Arrays for Extraordinary Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.

Foreign Particle Promoted Crystalline Nucleation for Growing High-Quality Ultrathin Rubrene Films.

Conductive Polymer Nanostructures