Despite the decline in death rate from breast cancer and recent advances in targeted therapies and combinations for the treatment of metastatic disease, metastatic breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer-associated death in US women The invasion–metastasis cascade involves a number of steps and multitudes of proteins and signaling molecules The pathways include invasion, intravasation, circulation, extravasation, infiltration into a distant site to form a metastatic niche, and micrometastasis formation in a new environment Each of these processes is regulated by changes in gene expression Noncoding RNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in breast cancer tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis by post-transcriptional regulation of target gene expression miRNAs can stimulate oncogenesis (oncomiRs), inhibit tumor growth (tumor suppressors or miRsupps), and regulate gene targets in metastasis (metastamiRs) The goal of this review is to summarize some of the key miRNAs that regulate genes and pathways involved in metastatic breast cancer with an emphasis on estrogen receptor α (ERα+) breast cancer We reviewed the identity, regulation, human breast tumor expression, and reported prognostic significance of miRNAs that have been documented to directly target key genes in pathways, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributing to the metastatic cascade We critically evaluated the evidence for metastamiRs and their targets and miRNA regulation of metastasis suppressor genes in breast cancer progression and metastasis It is clear that our understanding of miRNA regulation of targets in metastasis is incomplete

Regulation of breast cancer metastasis signaling by miRNAs

The RNA-binding protein hnRNPA2/B1 is a member of the hnRNPs family and is widely expressed in various tissues. hnRNPA2/B1 recognizes and binds specific RNA substrates and DNA motifs and is involved in the transcription, splicing processing, transport, stability, and translation regulation of a variety of RNA molecules and in regulating the expression of a large number of genes. hnRNPA2/B1 is also involved in telomere maintenance and DNA repair, while its expression changes and mutations are involved in the development of various tumors and neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. This paper reviews the role and mechanism of hnRNPA2/B1 in RNA metabolism, tumors, and neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.

The roles of hnRNP A2/B1 in RNA biology and disease.

Apigenin by targeting hnRNPA2 sensitizes triple-negative breast cancer spheroids to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and regulates expression of ABCC4 and ABCG2 drug efflux transporters

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B (hnRNPA/B) is one of the core members of the RNA binding protein (RBP) hnRNPs family, including four main subtypes, A0, A1, A2/B1 and A3, which share the similar structure and functions. With the advance in understanding the molecular biology of hnRNPA/B, it has been gradually revealed that hnRNPA/B plays a critical role in almost the entire steps of RNA life cycle and its aberrant expression and mutation have important effects on the occurrence and progression of various cancers. This review focuses on the clinical significance of hnRNPA/B in various cancers and systematically summarizes its biological function and molecular mechanisms. 

/pdf/heterogeneous-nuclear-ribonucleoprotein-a-b-an-emerging-3swvb9dp.pdf

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B: an emerging group of cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most prevalent internal mRNA modification and is involved in many biological processes in eukaryotes. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that m6A may play either a promoting or suppressing role in breast cancer, including in tumorigenesis, metastasis and angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress on the biological function and prognostic value of m6A modification in breast cancer, as well as potential related therapeutic strategies.

/pdf/the-emerging-role-of-rna-n6-methyladenosine-methylation-in-4rg45znqhi.pdf

The emerging role of RNA N6-methyladenosine methylation in breast cancer.

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 is a negative regulator of human breast cancer metastasis by maintaining the balance of multiple genes and pathways.

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Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 is a negative regulator of human breast cancer metastasis by maintaining the balance of multiple genes and pathways.