Buffaloes are the second largest source of milk. Mastitis is a major impediment for milk production, but not much information is available about bubaline mastitis, especially subclinical mastitis. The aim of this study was to (a) investigate the application of various tests for the diagnosis of bubaline subclinical mastitis, (b) identify the major bacteria associated with it, and (c) evaluate the antibiotic resistance pattern of the bacteria. To this end, 190 quarter milk samples were collected from 57 domesticated dairy buffaloes from organized (64 samples) and unorganized (126 samples) sectors. Of these, 48.4%, 40.0%, 45.8%, 61.1%, and 61.6% were positive for subclinical mastitis by somatic cell count, electrical conductivity, California mastitis test, bromothymol blue test, and N-acetyl glucosaminidase test, respectively. As compared to the gold standard of somatic cell count, California mastitis test performed the best. However, a combination of the two methods was found to be the best option. Microbiological evaluation, both by biochemical methods as well as by monoplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction, revealed that coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most predominant (64.8%) bacteria, followed by streptococci (18.1%), Escherichia coli (9.8%) and Staphylococcus aureus (7.3%). Most of the pathogens were resistant to multiple antibiotics, especially to β-lactam antibiotics. We propose that California mastitis test be combined with somatic cell count for diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in domestic dairy buffaloes. Further, our results reveal high resistance of the associated bacteria to the β-lactam class of antibiotics, and a possible major role of coagulase-negative staphylococci in causing the disease in India.

/pdf/isolation-biochemical-and-molecular-identification-and-in-3y1a6lewzv.pdf

Isolation, Biochemical and Molecular Identification, and In-Vitro Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Bacteria Isolated from Bubaline Subclinical Mastitis in South India

The animal husbandry and livestock sectors play a major role in the rural economy, especially for the small and marginal farmers. India has the largest livestock population in the world and ranks first in the milk production. Mastitis is the most common and expensive infectious disease in dairy cattle. The global economic losses per year due to mastitis amounts to USD 35 billion and for Indian dairy industry ₹6000 crores per year. Early detection of mastitis is very important to reduce the economic loss to the dairy farmers and dairy industry. Automated methods for early and reliable detection of mastitis are currently in focus under precision dairying. Skin surface temperature is an important indicator for the diagnosis of cow's illnesses and for the estimation of their physiological status. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a simple, effective, on-site, and noninvasive method that detects surface heat, which is emitted as infrared radiation and generates pictorial images without causing radiation exposure. In human and bovine medicine, IRT is used as a diagnostic tool for assessment of normal and physiological status.

/pdf/infrared-thermography-a-potential-noninvasive-tool-to-34ihin9l4z.pdf

Infrared thermography: A potential noninvasive tool to monitor udder health status in dairy cows.

Tangible and intangible benefits of local goats rearing in smallholder farms in Malawi

In this study, the major mastitis pathogen prevalence in the cattle and buffalo of the world was estimated by a meta-analysis. Staphylococcus (S) species, Streptococcus (St) species, and Escherichia coli (Ec) prevalence studies reported during 1979–2019 were collected using online databases, and offline resources. A meta-analysis of these data was done with the meta package in R-Software. The Staphylococcus aureus was the major mastitis pathogen, mostly causing subclinical mastitis, Ec causing clinical mastitis and St causing subclinical and clinical mastitis. The pooled prevalence estimates of S, St, and Ec were 28%, 12%, and 11% in the world from 156, 129, and 92 studies, respectively. The S, St, and Ec prevalences were high in Latin America (51%), Oceania (25%), and Oceania (28%), respectively. Higher S, St, and Ec prevalences were observed by molecular methods, signifying high sensitivity and usefulness for future studies. Among bacterial species, S. aureus (25%) followed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (20%), Escherichia coli (11%), St. agalactiae (9%), St. uberis (9%) were the important pathogens present in the milk of the world. We hypothesize that there is a urgent need to reduce mastitis pathogen prevalence by ensuring scientific farm management practices, proper feeding, therapeutic interventions to augment profits in dairying, and improving animal and human health.

An Understanding of the Global Status of Major Bacterial Pathogens of Milk Concerning Bovine Mastitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Scientometrics)

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of contamination with Escherichia coli, coliforms, and Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk from Shahrekord city, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study, 300 raw milk samples were collected randomly from five regions, namely northeast, east, southeast, south, and southwest regions of Shahrekord city according to stratified random sampling design. Samples were analyzed for Total plate count (TPC), Staphylococcus aureus, coliform, and E. coli. Results: Out of 300 samples of raw milk, contamination with coliforms, E. coli, and S. aureus was observed in 237 (79), 207 (69) and 125 (41.66) samples, respectively. The highest rate of contamination was in the samples from southwest region with coliforms, E. coli, and S. aureus were present in 30 (100), 29 (96.66), and19 (63.33) samples, respectively (p<0.05). Conclusions: Considering the high rate of raw milk contamination with S. aureus, E. Coli, and coliforms, sanitary practice during collecting, transporting, and storage especially in the summer season is recommended. © The authors.

/pdf/bacteriological-quality-of-raw-cow-milk-in-shahrekord-iran-2rwbdwo7v5.pdf

Bacteriological quality of raw cow milk in Shahrekord, Iran.

A survey was conducted to study milking management practice followed by 60 dairy farmers with average herd size of 7.25, majority of them rearing crossbred cattle in the Kottayam district of Kerala state (2010 - 2011). Majority (73.33%) of dairy farmers were following full hand method, 18.33 per cent and 8.33 per cent were following knuckling and machine milking respectively as method of milking. All the dairy farmers were practicing two times milking a day; none of the dairy farmers was following three times milking schedule. About 68.33% of dairy farmers were practicing udder massaging and feeding concentrate and 31.66 percent were practicing calf suckle reflex for let down of the milk. Only 11.67% of the dairy farmers milking their animals in separate and dry places however all farmers were regularly cleaning milk utensils and washing udder before milking as clean milk production practice. The study indicates milking management practice in majority of the dairy farmers is satisfactory but there is a scope for further improvement in milk production practices by creating awareness.

Milking Management Practices Followed In Selected Areas of the Kottayam District of Kerala State

The present study was carried out in Tamil Nadu and Kerala during 2014. Three Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) each, functioning under state university and NGOs from each state were selected. A total of 65 subject matter specialists from selected KVKs constituted the sample. The working environment of subject matter specialists was assessed through people's participation, team work, job satisfaction, work load and job stress. In people's participation more than 60.00 per cent of the respondents were satisfied in the effort in implementation of extension programmes by the farmers, interest of farmers in extension work, acceptance of technology and local response by the farmers. In team work component majority of the respondents were satisfied with confidence in delegated authority, appreciative attitude of colleagues, mutual desire to give and take and procedural design to work together. Majority were satisfied with professional social prestige followed by salary, job authority, leave facility and facilities in job satisfaction aspect. Responsible for helping others, work area (office) is too crowded, working conditions being not as good as the working conditions of others, job being too easy were not a source of stress. Respondents expressed that the work load was optimum at office and field respectively. Highly significant positive relationship was noticed between satisfaction with people's participation and team work; team work and job satisfaction; job stress and work load.

Organizational Environment of Subject Matter Specialists Working in Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK)

A study was undertaken to evaluate the economics on household goat farming in Malabar Region of Kerala. The study was conducted at Thaliparamba and Thalassery, Thanur and Vadakara, Kottakkal and Tirur which belongs to Kannur, Kozhikode and Malappuram district of Malabar regions were All India Coordinated Research Project for the improvement of Malabari goat are operating. A well structured pre-tested interview schedule were developed at the Centre for Advanced Studies in Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Kerala from a total of 360 randomly selected goat farmers 60 each from all the six centres were selected for the study. The result revealed that the literacy rate of the head of the small ruminant breeder house hold was 96%. The average land holding size was 24.1 cent. The average goat flock size was four. The gross income of goat farming was constituted by sale of animals (67.26%), milk (32.23%) and manure (0.51%). The corresponding net return per goat was Rs. 711.75 with benefit-cost ratio of 1.49, respectively. The net returns generally decreased with increase in size of holding.

Economics of Household Malabari Goat Farming in Northern Region of Kerala

The present study was undertaken with the objective of studying the socio-personal profile of tribal Animal Husbandry farmers in relation to the degree of belief and extent of adoption of indigenous animal husbandry practices. Stratified proportionate random sampling procedure was adopted. One hundred and twenty tribal livestock farmers were selected from all the three panchayats viz., Agali, Pudur and Sholayoor of Attappady block. A pilot study was conducted to identify various indigenous animal husbandry practices, which were prevalent in the area, through personal observation, group interviews of tribal animal husbandry farmers, discussion with local healers, head clan ('Moopan') and such other key informants. A total of 53 beliefs/ practices were selected for the final study. It was found that age and years of experience in animal husbandry were positively and significantly correlated with degree of belief and extent of adoption of indigenous animal husbandry practices, whereas herd size and literacy had no significant correlation with degree of belief and extent of adoption of indigenous animal husbandry practices.

Socio-personal profile of tribal livestock farmers in relation to degree of belief and extent of adoption of selected indigenous animal husbandry practices.*

Rearing systems of malabari goats in Northern Kerala, India.

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