The electrospinning process was used successfully to fabricate nanofibers of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in which multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are embedded. Initial dispersion of MWCNTs in water was achieved using amphiphiles, either as small molecules (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) or as a high molecular weight, highly branched polymer (Gum Arabic). These dispersions provided separation of the MWCNTs and their individual incorporation into the PEO nanofibers by subsequent electrospinning. The focus of this work is on the development of axial orientations in these multicomponent nanofibers. A theoretical model is presented for the behavior of rodlike particles representing CNTs in electrospinning. Initially the rods are randomly oriented, but due to the sinklike flow in a wedge they are gradually oriented mainly along the stream lines, so that straight CNTs are almost oriented upon entering the electrospun jet. The degrees of orientation of polymer, surfactant, and MWCNT were studied using X-ray dif...

Carbon Nanotubes Embedded in Oriented Polymer Nanofibers by Electrospinning

When an asphalt pavement is subjected to repeated traffic loads punctuated by rest periods, the acquisition of damage is interrupted by molecular relaxation and healing: the restoration of continuity across fractured interfaces. The healing effect is responsible for improved fatigue performance at high temperatures and dominates the laboratory-to-field shift factor in design. The mechanism of healing is not well understood, however. To describe this process, myriad investigations are collated with healing in high polymers, but neglect microstructural changes due to the damage processes that precipitate fracture. Yet, the remnants of deformation drive healing phenomena. An enhanced knowledge of healing and the effect of fracture could allow for the direct application of laboratory fatigue in pavement performance prediction. 

This thesis develops an understanding of the interrelation between binder structure and crack healing, using electron microscopy and mechanical analyses. Cryogenic microscopy indicates that the bulk is amorphous: phase separation in the form of bi-continuous or discrete structure is catalysed by surface effects including composition-dependent short-range interactions and thermal gradients. Environmental microscopy shows that the creation of a free surface during fracture perturbs the bulk solubility continuum, which stimulates phase separation in the form of interconnected fibrils. This system is sensitive to molecular scission and precludes healing by spatial interference and by reduced potential interaction. 

Rheological tests confirm the space-bound character of the microstructure and emphasise the requirement for an efficient method to quantify healing. Vialit pendulum tests validate the use of cohesive energy for this purpose and define the effect of fracture temperature: the capacity for healing is reduced by rupture of glassy fractions. Although susceptible to high variability, the outcome of direct tension testing confirms the involvement of crystallisable materials and the reduced proliferation of interfacial molecular interaction due to main-chain scission.

On bitumen microstructure and the effects of crack healing

Man-made fibres cellulosic and synthetic

HATIBOGLU, BILGE. Mechanical Properties of Individual Polymeric Micro and Nano Fibers using Atomic force Microscopy (AFM). (Under the direction of Dr. Behnam Pourdeyhimi and Dr. Juan P. Hinestroza.) Being the raw materials, fibers have the biggest importance in textiles industry. With the invention of the first man-made fiber, nylon, in 1930s, fiber industry gained a new aspect. During the recent years, fibers gained another aspect with the term “nanotechnology”. Now, today’s science is focused on the nano materials. Analyzing and finding new applications for them are some of the concerns. Textile industry is affected from the fiber part of the nanomaterials. The introduction of the nanofibers added a lot of interesting applications to textiles. Drug delivery, tissue engineering, reinforcement for composite materials, filtration are some of the interesting applications of nanofibers. Having a lot of exciting applications, nanofibers require to be examined well. However, since they are fairly small materials, it is not very easy to analyze them. In this thesis, we aimed to develop a method to analyze mechanical properties of individual micro and nanofibers using a technique called Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). After finding a useful approach to prepare individual islands-in-the-sea form fibers for the further analysis, we also set up AFM and developed an experimental approach to examine individual PET and Nylon-6 micro and nanofibers’ mechanical properties. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL POLYMERIC MICRO AND NANO FIBERS USING ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY (AFM) by

Mechanical Properties of Individual Polymeric Micro and Nano Fibers using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

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Mechanical Properties of Individual Polymeric Micro and Nano Fibers using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)