An experiment was conducted to study the inclusion of different levels of potatoes in place of maize as energy source in the concentrate having 33% maize on feed intake and nutrient utilization in growing Sahiwal calves. A growth trial of 60 days was conducted in 20 Sahiwal calves divided into 4 groups of 5 animals each based on their body weight and age. All the animals were fed rations containing oats fodder, wheat straw and concentrate mixture according to their requirements. Maize was replaced by potatoes (DM basis) @ 0, 25, 50 and 75% in treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. A metabolism trial was conducted towards the end of feeding trial. Digestibility values of nutrients (DM, CP, OM, EE, total CHO, NDF and ADF) were similar in all the 4 groups. Fortnightly body weights, DM intake and nitrogen retention were comparable in all the 4 groups. Hence, the maize grain could be replaced by potatoes upto 75% in the concentrate mixture having 33% maize without affecting feed intake, growth and nutrient utilization in Sahiwal calves. In another study, the status of the essential major (Ca and P) and trace mineral (Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) of commonly available different feeds and fodders (grains, oil seed cakes, meals, agro-industrial byproducts, straws and potatoes was determined. In a growth trial of 60 days, balances of minerals (Ca, P, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) and their plasma levels (0 and 60 days) were studied in low and high residual feed intake (RFI) Sahiwal calves. A metabolism trial was conducted towards the end of feeding trial. Overall, 43.75%, 50%, 37.5%, 12.5% and 37.5% of feeds were deficient in Ca, P, Cu, Zn and Mn, respectively. Based on feed intake and body weight gains during 60 days period, the animals were divided into 2 groups of 9 each possessing low (-0.20) and high (+0.18) RFI values. The feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) lower (2.45 kg/100 kg BW) in low RFI group compared to high RFI (2.77 kg/100 kg BW) group while ADG were similar in both the groups. The apparent absorption, urinary excretion and retention of Ca, P, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn were similar in both the groups. The concentration of Ca, P and Zn in plasma was higher (P<0.05) in low RFI group compared to high RFI group. However, the levels were in the normal range in both the groups. Ck<+rs lkghoky cNM+ksa esa vof”k’V [kk| lsou ds lea c/k esa vko”;d [kfut ds pikip; esa + s + sa sa s s a sa s sa + s + sa sa s s a sa s sa + s + sa sa s s a sa s sa cnyko lkjka ”k aa a ;g iz;ks x nkuk feJ.k esa ÅtkZ lzksr ds :i esa eDdk ds LFkku ij vkyw dks fofHkUUk Lrjksa ij “kkfey djus dk lkfgoky cNM+ksa ds [kk| vURk%xzg.k rFkk iks ’kd inkFkkZsa ds mi;ks x ij izHkko ns [kus ds fy, vk;ks ftr fd;k x;kA nkuk feJ.k esa 33 izfr”kr eDdk Fkh otu esa fodkl dk ijh{k.k 20 lkfgoky cNM+ksa ij 60 fnuksa ds fy, fd;k x;kA cNM+ksa dks Hkkj ,oa mez ds vuqlkj pkj cjkcj lew g esa foHkkftr fd;k x;kA lkjs cNM+ksa dks mudh vko”;drkuqlkj tbZ dk pkjk rFkk nkuk feJ.k f[kyk;k x;kA vkyq dks “kq’d vk/kkj ij eDdk ds LFkku ij 0] 20] 50 rFkk 75 izfr”kr Lrj ij lew g Vh 1] Vh 2] Vh 3 vkSj Vh 4 esa izk;ks x esa yk;k x;kA iks ’k.k iz;ksx ds vUr es a lHkh cNM+ksa ij pikip; ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA “kq’d inkFkZ] dPpk izks Vhu] dkcZfud inkFkZ ] olk] dkcks ZgkbZMas Vl] ,uMh,Q o ,Mh,Q dh ikP;rk lHkh lew g esa leku FkhA ikf{kd “kkjhfjd Hkkj] “kq’d inkFkZ vf/kxzg.k rFkk ukbZVaks tu /kkj.k lHkh lew g esa rqyuh; FkkA Mhlhih rFkk VhMh,l vf/kxzg.k Hkh lHkh lew g esa leku FkkA “kkjhfjd Hkkj dh fodkl nj rFkk “kq’d inkFkZ vf/kxz g.k Hkh lHkh lew g esa leku FkkA bl vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd vkyw eDdk nkus ds LFkku ij nkuk feJ.k ds va”k ds :i esa 75 izfr”kr rd iz;ks x esa yk;k tk ldrk gSA ,d vU; v/;u esa vko”;d ,oa eq[; [kfut inkFkZ 1⁄4dSfY”k;e ,oa QkLQksjl1⁄2 vkSj ys ”k ek=k esa ik;s tkus okys [kfut 1⁄4vk;ju] dkWij] fta d ,oa eSUxfut1⁄2 dh fLFkfr ,oa ek=k dk fofHkUUk Ik”kq vkgkjksa ] gjs pkjs ] [kyh Ik”kq vkgkj d`f’k ,oa vkS|ks fxd miks Riknksa ] Hkwlk ,oa vkyw es a fo”ys ’k.k fd;k x;kA lkfgoky uLy ds cNM+ksa esa 60 fnu dk Ik”kq vkgkj ,oa fodkl ijh{k.k fd;k x;k rFkk bl nkSjku [kfut inkFkksZ dk larqyu 1⁄4dSfY”k;e] QkLQksjl] vk;ju] dkWij] fta d ,oa eSUxfut1⁄2 ,oa muds jDrjl esa 1⁄40&60 fnu1⁄2 esa budh fLFkfr dk v/;u fuEu ,oa vf/kdre vof”k’V [kk| lsou lHkh lew g ds cNM+s esa fd;k x;kA Ik”kq vkgkj ijh{k.k ds vUr esa ,d pikip; ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA fofHkUu Ik”kq vkgkjksa esa fofHkUu [kfut rRo tSls dSfY”k;e] QkLQksjl] vk;ju] dkWij] fta d ,oa eSUxfut dh ek=k esa 43-75] 50] 37-5] 12-5 ,oa 37-5 izfr”kr dh deh ikbZ x;hA 60 fnus ds Ik”kq vkgkj lsou ,oa “kkjhfjd Hkkj ds vk/kkj ij Ik”kqvksa dks 9 cNM+ksa ds nks lew g esa cka Vk x;kA de 1⁄4&0-21⁄2 ,oa vf/kd 1⁄4$0-181⁄2] vof”k’V [kk| lsou lew gA Ik”kq vkgkj lsou egRoiw .kZ rjhds ls de vof”k’V lsou lew g esa de 1⁄42-45 fd-xzk-@100 fd“kkjhfjd Hkkj1⁄2 ik;k x;k tc mldh rqyuk vf/kd vof”k’V lsou lew g 1⁄477-0fd-xzk-@100 fd“kkjhfjd Hkkj1⁄2 ds lkFk dh xbZ ;|fi nkuk lew g esa vkSlru nSfud “kjhj Hkkj] fodkl nj] ,d tSlh jghA nks uks lew gksa esas dSfY”k;e] QkLQksjl] vk;ju] dkWij] fta d ,oa eSUxfut ds vkHkklh vo”kks ’k.k] ew= }kjk fudkl ,oa la /kkj.k es a vUrj ugh ik;k x;kA dSfY”k;e] QkLQksjl ,oa fta d dh ek=k de vof”k’V lsou lew g ds jDrjl esa vf/kd ikbZ x;h ;|fi nks uks lew g esa budk vUrj lkekU; lhek esa ik;k x;kA

Variations in metabolism of essential minerals in relation to residual feed intake in growing male sahiwal calves..

A study was undertaken on the mineral status of soil, forage and serum of cattle in hilly and plain areas of Ganderbal district of Jammu and Kashmir. The average content of Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Phosphorus (P), Cupper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe) and Manganese (Mn) in the soil of hilly area was 128.55 ± 1.66, 9.71 ± 0.33, 17.23 ± 1.49, 1.07 ± 0.14, 1.61 ± 0.25, 14.83 ± 2.11 and 3.32 ± 0.54 ppm, respectively, where as in plain area the content of these minerals in the soil was 133.94 ± 0.65, 10.14 ± 0.40, 21.64 ± 3.71, 2.07 ± 0.19, 1.99 ± 0.30, 20.72 ± 2.25 and 5.5 ± 0.58 ppm, respectively. Concentration of Ca, Cu, Mn and P were significantly higher in the soil of plains than hilly areas. Soil Fe in hills as well as plains was found below critical level. The average content of Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn in the forageof hilly area was 0.51 ± 0.04 (%), 0.19 ± 0.01 (%), 0.37 ± 0.04 (%), 5.87 ± 1.11 ppm, 21.58 ± 3.22 ppm, 338.03 ± 36.09 ppm and 74.01 ± 15.10 ppm, respectively. In the plain area the average content of forage Ca (%), Mg (%), P (%), Cu (ppm), Zn (ppm), Fe (ppm) and Mn (ppm) was found to be 0.51 ± 0.02, 0.17 ± 0.01, 0.33 ± 0.04, 28.48 ± 2.09, 37.90 ± 1.91, 514.75 ± 49.21 and 81.87 ± 13.80, respectively. Ca, Cu, Mn, Zn, Mg and Fe were found deficit in the forage of hilly aes as compared to plains. In cattle of hilly area the average Ca (mmol/l), Mg (mmol/l), P (mmol/l), Cu (μmol/l), Zn (μmol/l), Fe (μmol/l) and Mn (μmol/l) in the serum were 2.12 ± 0.90, 1.3 ± 0.01, 1.7 ± 0.13, 8.11 ± 0.88, 18.49 ± 1.58, 44.44 ± 3.18 and 3.45 ± 0.11 respectively, while in the cattle of plains serum values of these minerals were 2.31 ± 0.08, 1.21 ± 0.03, 1.9 ± 0.10, 15.47 ± 2.16, 21.34 ± 2.18, 39.18 ± 2.68, and 3.51 ± 0.10 respectively. Concentration of Mg was higher where as concentration of Cu was found lower in serum of cattle of hills as compared to that of plains. Zn was found deficit in the serum of cattle of both plains as well as hilly areas.

Comparative Assessment of Macro and Micro Mineral Content in Soil, Fodder and Serum of Dairy Cattle in Hills and Plains of Kashmir

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Comparative Assessment of Macro and Micro Mineral Content in Soil, Fodder and Serum of Dairy Cattle in Hills and Plains of Kashmir