In this research, biodiesel was synthesized from chicken gizzard using potassium hydroxide catalyst and the effects of operating parameters including catalyst weight percentage (0.005–0.015%), methanol to oil molar ratio (3:1 to 9:1), temperature (50–70 °C), contact time (4–6 h), and stirring rate (400–600 rpm) on the methyl ester conversion yield were investigated. This study is innovative as it explores the transesterification of chicken gizzard, a low-cost feedstock, which has not yet been investigated. Furthermore, the applied catalyst was characterized through BET, FTIR, FSEM, XRD, XRF, EDS/Map techniques, while GC analysis showed that heptanoeic acid (41.57%), arachidic acid (27.63%), and linoleic acid (15.48%) constituted the main constituents of the extracted oil. Based on BET analysis the specific surface area of the used catalyst was 358 m2 g−1 which is an appropriate value for the current purpose. The results revealed that the maximum biodiesel conversion yield (94%) was obtained under the optimal conditions of catalyst weight percentage at %0.01, methanol to oil ratio at a ratio of 6:1, temperature at 60 °C, reaction duration of 5 h, and stirring rate at 500 rpm. The regeneration studies demonstrated that the used catalyst can be used for 2 consecutive cycles with acceptable conversion yields. However, beyond this point, the yield deteriorates, dropping to below 90%. Furthermore, the comparison of the physical characteristics of the generated biodiesel, including density, viscosity, flame point, cloud point, pour point, aniline point, cetane number, and copper strip corrosion with ASTM-D675110 and EN-14214 standards showed that they were within the standards ranges which indicates that the produced biodiesel was a viable alternative to traditional diesel fuel. Considering the promising results obtained from biodiesel production utilizing chicken gizzard for the first time, this waste material can be deemed a cost-effective raw material for biodiesel production. 

Valorization of slaughterhouse wastes through transesterification for sustainable biodiesel production using potassium hydroxide as a heterogeneous catalyst

Corrosion characteristic of stainless steel and galvanized steel in water emulsified diesel, diesel and palm biodiesel

Fossil fuels are the main source of energy for transportation operations around the world. However, fossil fuels cause extremely negative impacts on the environment, as well as uneven distribution across countries, increasing energy insecurity. Biodiesel is one of the potential and feasible options in recent years to solve energy problems. Biodiesel is a renewable, low-carbon fuel source that is increasingly being used as a replacement for traditional fossil fuels, particularly in diesel engines. Biodiesel has several potential benefits such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving air quality, and energy independence. However, there are also several challenges associated with the use of biodiesel including the compatibility of biodiesel with existing engine technologies and infrastructure as well as the cost of production, which can vary depending on factors such as location, climate, and competing uses for the feedstocks. Meanwhile, studies aimed at comprehensively assessing the impact of biodiesel on engine power, performance, and emissions are lacking. This becomes a major barrier to the dissemination of this potential energy source. Therefore, this study will provide a comprehensive view of the physicochemical properties of biodiesel that affect the performance and emission properties of the engine, as well as discuss the difficulties and opportunities of this potential fuel source.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-review-on-the-use-of-biodiesel-for-diesel-34splkex.pdf

A comprehensive review on the use of biodiesel for diesel engines

The environmental concerns and government regulations have led to a surge in preparation of biodiesels as one of the main components for renewable and alternative fuels from cost effective biowastes. The degradation of biodiesel during storage produces organic acids that could lead to the corrosion of component parts of the engine thus it is imperative to define the rate of corrosivity of this golden alternative before its application. The current study utilizes electrochemical methods (OCP, EIS and PDP) in addition to advanced techniques such as SEM, UV–vis and FTIR to investigate the comparative corrosion behaviour of three biodiesels namely; jatropha oil biodiesel (JOB), neem oil biodiesel (NOB) and waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB) on carbon steel. The surface morphology of the post corrosion steel samples as characterized by SEM revealed differences in surface damage due to corrosion in the various systems. The study further inferred that the investigated biodiesel requires specific carbon steel component type for compatibility and effectiveness in fuel delivery and storage systems of automobile engines which were evident by the different corrosion degradation rates (103, 74 and 51 mpy) for JOB, NOB and WCOB respectively. The overall results showed differential corrosion rates of the order JOB > NOB > WCOB on carbon steel under similar experimental conditions. 

Comparative evaluation of corrosion behaviour of carbon steel (C1020) in different biodiesels: Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical investigations

Growing concerns about energy security and environmental sustainability have fueled demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources in recent years. Biodiesel, a renewable alternative to conventional fuels, has gained significant attention as a potential source of energy. However, the stability of biodiesel during storage and its susceptibility to oxidation remain major challenges. To address these issues, researchers have turned their focus to the utilization of natural antioxidants. Studies on sources of natural antioxidants, particularly those made from waste, such as food, have been extensively conducted. However, there are still some restrictions, such as inconsistency in quality, the development of microbes, and difficulties with regulations, all of which have an impact on sustainability and the phenolic contents. Phenolic compounds are known for their excellent antioxidant properties and ability to inhibit the oxidation process. The review provides an overview of various underutilized plant resources and agricultural wastes that are rich in phenolic contents and demonstrate higher antioxidant activities, such as Vitex doniana, Uapaca kirkiana, Parinari curatellifolia, Tamarindus indica L, fruit peels, and crop residues. It discusses the extraction methods employed to obtain phenolic antioxidants from these sources and highlights their antioxidant activities. Additionally, the review examines the effects of phenolic antioxidants on key parameters, including induction period, peroxide value, acid value, and viscosity. The review concluded by highlighting the potential of underutilized plant resources and agricultural wastes as sustainable sources of phenolic-rich natural antioxidants for enhancing biodiesel stability. According to the literatures, phenolic antioxidants present in underutilized plant resources and agricultural wastes can chelate metal ions, scavenge free radicals, and break oxidation chain reactions, thereby preventing the degradation of biodiesel. Moreover, the limitation of the use of natural antioxidants in the stabilization of biodiesel like instability at high temperatures has been highlighted.

The Potential of Underutilized Plant Resources and Agricultural Wastes for Enhancing Biodiesel Stability: The Role of Phenolic-Rich Natural Antioxidants

Global warming in relation to fossil fuel pollution and their environmental impacts have become a major global concern. Biodiesel has entered the scene as an alternative fuel but it also generated ...

Properties and corrosion behaviors of mild steel in biodiesel-diesel blends

Indonesia merupakan negara tropis yang memiliki iklim yang baik untuk pertanian. Di Indonesia terdapat dua musim yaitu musim panas dan musim hujan. Hasil pertanian tentunya negara yang mayoritas agraris dan memiliki zona iklim tropis Jamur merupakan tumbuhan alami yang tidak mengandung klorofil. Dimana pada alat terjadi dua jenis perpindahan panas yaitu secara radiasi dan konveksi. Perancangan alat dilakukan dengan langkah pertama yaitu membuat kerangka, rangka utama berukuran 1443 x 2379 x 1254 mm dan kolektor berukuran 1014 x 500 x 35 mm, kemudian untuk menyusun kolektor mulai dari ACP, styrofoam, rockwoll, plat absorber, dan ditutup dengan kaca, dan rak penampung yang berukuran 500 x 400 x 35 mm. dimana prinsip kerja mesin yaitu mengalirkan panas yang telah diserap melalui kolektor tepat nya pada plat absorber dan dialirkan kedalam ruang pengering. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian maka disimpulkan bahwa rak ke 4 merupakan rak yang paling cepat panas dengan kadar air yang tersisa 2,94 %, dan rak 1 merupakan rak yang paling lambat panas dengan kadar air yang tersisa 22,87 %.

Rancang Bangun dan Pengujian Pengering Jamur Tiram dengan Satu Kolektor Surya

Effectiveness Test of Andaliman Fruit Extract (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium. D.C) Against Phytophthora palmivora the Cause of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pod rot disease. Fruit rot disease caused by the fungus Phytophthora palmivora causes the loss of crop yields up to 90%. Therefore, an effort is needed to control Phytophthora palmivora that causes blight in cocoa plantations. Alternative that can be done is the use of botanical fungicides. One of the plants that can be used as a botanical fungicide is the fruit of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium D.C). This study aims to test the effectiveness of andaliman fruit extract against P. palmivora which causes pod rot disease. Colony test and cocoa pod damage test in vivo using extract concentrations, namely 50%; 25%; 16.7%; and 0% (control). The results showed that andaliman fruit extract could inhibit the growth of P. palmivora which can be used as botanical fungicide. The concentration of andaliman fruit extract 50% and 25% can reduce cocoa pod damage caused by P. palmivora by 58% and 45.7%, respectively.

/pdf/uji-efektivitas-ekstrak-buah-andaliman-zanthoxylum-53kjhviw.pdf

Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium. D.C) Terhadap Phytophthora palmivora Penyebab Penyakit Busuk Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.)

Pemberian pakan ternak berupa hijauan ataupun makanan tambahan lain yang dilakukan oleh peternak kambing pada umumnya masih bersifat tradisional. Dusun II Sukamandi Desa Sukamandi Hilir yang terletak di kecamatan Pagar Merbau Serdang Bedagai adalah salah satu desa dimana para peternak kambingnya masih menggunakan cara konvensional dalam pengolahan pakannya. Pakan ternak cukup tersedia berupa rumput yang berasal dari areal sekitar peternakan dan ubi kayu. Kekurangannya adalah dari segi efisiensi penggunaan pakan. Mitra dan keluarga dekatnya memiliki sekitat 100 ekor kambing dimana kambing yang diternakkan lebih suka mengkonsumsi bagian sekitar ujung tanaman rumput sedangkan bagian pangkal biasanya terbuang begiatu saja.  Aspek yang dibutuhkan dalam peternakan skala kecil hingga menengah adalah kecepatan waktu produksi pakan dalam bentuk pakan tercacah yang siap digunakan serta efisiensi penggunaan pakan. Untuk memenuhi aspek tersebut, kami membuat mesin pencacah pakan ternak kambing dalam pelaksanaan program Pengabdian Kemitraan Masyarakat (PKM) ini. Tujuan dari program ini adalah untuk memberikan pelatihan keterampilan kepada kelompok peternak kambing dalam mengolah sumber pakan dengan melakukan penggolahan secara mekanis melalui modernisasi peternakan dengan mesin pencacah pakan ternak serbaguna, meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan pakan ternak.

Penerapan Mesin Pencacah Rumput untuk Peningkatan Efisiensi Pakan Ternak Kambing di Dusun II Desa Sukamandi Hilir

The concept of hard, dry and high speed machining can be combined, to produce high productivity, with lower production costs in manufacturing industry Hard lathe process can be a solution to reduce production time In lathe hard alloy steels reported problems relating to the integrity of such surface roughness, residual stress, the white layer and the surface integrity AISI 4140 material is used for high reliable hydraulic system components This material includes in cold work tool steel Consideration election is because this material is able to be hardened up to 55 HRC In this research, the experimental design using CCD model fit with three factors, each factor is composed of two levels, and six central point, experiments were conducted with 1 replications The experimental design research using CCD model fit

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/890/1/012145/pdf

Study of surface integrity AISI 4140 as result of hard, dry and high speed machining using CBN

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