Plastic bioelectronics is a research field that takes advantage of the inherent properties of polymers and soft organic electronics for applications at the interface of biology and electronics. The resulting electronic materials and devices are soft, stretchable and mechanically conformable, which are important qualities for interacting with biological systems in both wearable and implantable devices. Work is currently aimed at improving these devices with a view to making the electronic-biological interface as seamless as possible.

The rise of plastic bioelectronics

Electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP)

Textile based sensors, an emerging class of wearable devices, are a potential platform for next generation, functionality and amenability for the human body incorporating sensing and control. The main purpose of this review is to provide an overview of textile based sensors, sensor substrates, and substrate pre-processing including surface modification of the base substrates. This review also summarizes various conducting polymers and inks, production methods of developing robust conductive fibres or textiles, and different factors affecting the durability and cleaning of conductive textiles. This manuscript also critically examines properties relating to acceptability and performance of textile based sensors which are subjected to wear and care during repeated use e.g. care, maintenance, and durability. This aspect (wear and care) of performance is often ignored during development. Wear and care effects on performance need to be understood and solutions found for extending the life cycle and performance of textile based sensors.

Textile sensors for wearable applications: a comprehensive review

A ternary composite comprising of p-toluene sulfonic acid doped polyaniline (PANI), chitosan and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) with stable aqueous dispersibility has been synthesised via oxidative polymerisation of aniline in chitosan/RGO dispersion. For comparison; PANI, PANI/chitosan and PANI/RGO composites were also synthesised using the same procedure. FTIR, Raman, XPS, XRD and UV-VIS confirmed the successful synthesis of the PANI and the composites. The aqueous dispersions of the PANI/chitosan and the ternary composites were found to be stable even after more than four months. The stability of the dispersion was attributed to the polycationic nature of the chitosan. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows an improved thermal stability for the ternary composite compared to PANI, PANI/chitosan and PANI/RGO composites up to about 160 °C. In addition, the electrical conductivity of the ternary composite is around 33 and 2.6 times greater than that of PANI/chitosan composite and PANI, respectively. Interestingly, the analysis of the band gap shows the lowest value of optical band gap of 2.25 eV for the ternary composite compared to PANI, PANI/chitosan and PANI/RGO with 2.50 eV, 2.60 eV and 2.44 eV, respectively. The reduced band gap for the ternary composite might be attributed to the formation of conductive networks throughout the chitosan matrix due to uniform dispersion of RGO in the chitosan matrices as well as the possible grafting of PANI onto chitosan backbone. These observed properties indicate the potential utilisation of the ternary composite in optical, electrical, optoelectronic and many other industrial applications.

Synthesis and characterisation of a ternary composite of polyaniline, reduced graphene-oxide and chitosan with reduced optical band gap and stable aqueous dispersibility

Conducting polymers have been widely utilised in biomedical applications due to their conductivity, compatibility and low-cost processability. In addition, compared with traditional metal or semiconductor materials, conducting polymers are more biocompatible. These advantages make conducting polymers more attractive to bioengineering researchers. The mechanism of electrical conductivity of conducting polymers is based on the transmission of polarons and bipolarons. The synthesis of conducting polymers can be accomplished by electrochemical polymerisation, which is more straightforward than traditional chemical synthesis. In this chapter, several applications of conducting polymers in biomedical engineering are illustrated with examples. The applications include biosensors, neural electrodes, drug delivery and bioactuators.

Conducting polymers and their biomedical applications

Polyaniline is known to be a true metal, though a nanometal. Previous experimental and theoretical evidence is reviewed. Two important structural features are presented, which have not publicly been discussed so far: (a) The formation of complexes between polyaniline and metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, In, etc.) which are crucial for most practical applications of the organic metal, polyaniline; and (b) a model for the polyaniline chain structure within the smallest morphological unit, the roughly 10 nm primary particle.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/2/4/786/pdf

New Insight into Organic Metal Polyaniline Morphology and Structure

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New Insight into Organic Metal Polyaniline Morphology and Structure