Modeling a city poses a number of problems to computer graphics. Every urban area has a transportation network that follows population and environmental influences, and often a superimposed pattern plan. The buildings appearances follow historical, aesthetic and statutory rules. To create a virtual city, a roadmap has to be designed and a large number of buildings need to be generated. We propose a system using a procedural approach based on L-systems to model cities. From various image maps given as input, such as land-water boundaries and population density, our system generates a system of highways and streets, divides the land into lots, and creates the appropriate geometry for the buildings on the respective allotments. For the creation of a city street map, L-systems have been extended with methods that allow the consideration of global goals and local constraints and reduce the complexity of the production rules. An L-system that generates geometry and a texturing system based on texture elements and procedural methods compose the buildings.

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Procedural modeling of cities

From the Publisher:
Level of detail (LOD) techniques are increasingly used by professional real-time developers to strike the balance between breathtaking virtual worlds and smooth, flowing animation. Level of Detail for 3D Graphics brings together, for the first time, the mechanisms, principles, practices, and theory needed by every graphics developer seeking to apply LOD methods.
Continuing advances in level of detail management have brought this powerful technology to the forefront of 3D graphics optimization research. This book, written by the very researchers and developers who have built LOD technology, is both a state-of-the-art chronicle of LOD advances and a practical sourcebook, which will enable graphics developers from all disciplines to apply these formidable techniques to their own work. 
Features
Is a complete, practical resource for programmers wishing to incorporate LOD technology into their own systems. Is an important reference for professionals in game development, computer animation, information visualization, real-time graphics and simulation, data capture and preview, CAD display, and virtual worlds. Is accessible to anyone familiar with the essentials of computer science and interactive computer graphics. Covers the full range of LOD methods from mesh simplification to error metrics, as well as advanced issues of human perception, temporal detail, and visual fidelity measurement. Includes an accompanying Web site rich in supplementary material including source code, tools, 3D models, public domain software, documentation, LOD updates, and more. 

Author Biography:David Luebke
David is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Virginia. His principal research interest is the problem of rendering very complex scenes at interactive rates. His research focuses on software techniques such as polygonal simplification and occlusion culling to reduce the complexity of such scenes to manageable levels. Luebke's dissertation research, summarized in a SIGGRAPH '97 paper, introduced a dynamic, view-dependent approach to polygonal simplification for interactive rendering of extremely complex CAD models. He earned his Ph.D. at the University of North Carolina, and his Bachelors degree at the Colorado College. 
Martin Reddy
Martin is a Senior Computer Scientist at SRI International where he works in the area of terrain visualization. This work involves the real-time display of massive terrain databases that are distributed over wide-area networks. His research interests include level of detail, visual perception, and computer graphics. His doctoral research involved the application of models of visual perception to real-time computer graphics systems, enabling the selection of level of detail based upon measures of human perception. He received his B.Sc. from the University of Strathclyde and his Ph.D. from the University of Edinburgh, UK. He is on the Board of Directors of the Web3D Consortium and chair of the GeoVRML Working Group. 
Jonathan D. Cohen
Jon is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science at The Johns Hopkins University. He earned his Doctoral and Masters degrees from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and earned his Bachelors degree from Duke University. His interests include polygonal simplification and other software acceleration techniques, parallel rendering architectures, collision detection, and high-quality interactive computer graphics. 
Amitabh Varshney
Amitabh is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Maryland. His research interests lie in interactive computer graphics, scientific visualization, molecular graphics, and CAD. Varshney has worked on several aspects of level-of-detail simplifications including topology-preserving and topology-reducing simplifications, view-dependent simplifications, parallelization of simplification computation, as well as using triangle strips in multiresolution rendering. Varshney received his PhD and MS from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1994 and 1991 respectively. He received his B. Tech. in Computer Science from the Indian Institute of Technology at Delhi in 1989. 
Benjamin Watson
Ben is an Assistant Professor in Computer Science at Northwestern University. He earned his doctoral and Masters degrees at Georgia Tech's GVU Center, and his Bachelors degree at the University of California, Irvine. His dissertation focused on user performance effects of dynamic level of detail management. His other research interests include object simplification, medical applications of virtual reality, and 3D user interfaces. 
Robert Huebner
Robert is the Director of Technology at Nihilistic Software, an independent development studio located in Marin County, California. Prior to co-founding Nihilistic, Robert has worked on a number of successful game titles including "Jedi Knight: Dark Forces 2" for LucasArts Entertainment, "Descent" for Parallax Software, and "Starcraft" for Blizzard Entertainment. Nihilistic's first title, "Vampire The Masquerade: Redemption" was released for the PC in 2000 and sold over 500,000 copies worldwide. Nihilistic's second project will be released in the Winter of 2002 on next-generation game consoles. Robert has spoken on game technology topics at SIGGRAPH, the Game Developer's Conference (GDC), and Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3). He also serves on the advisory board for the Game Developer's Conference and the International Game Developer's Association (IGDA). Robert's e-mail address is .

Level of Detail for 3D Graphics

Hundreds of millions of people play computer games every day For them, game content—from 3D objects to abstract puzzles—plays a major entertainment role Manual labor has so far ensured that the quality and quantity of game content matched the demands of the playing community, but is facing new scalability challenges due to the exponential growth over the last decade of both the gamer population and the production costs Procedural Content Generation for Games (PCG-G) may address these challenges by automating, or aiding in, game content generation PCG-G is difficult, since the generator has to create the content, satisfy constraints imposed by the artist, and return interesting instances for gamers Despite a large body of research focusing on PCG-G, particularly over the past decade, ours is the first comprehensive survey of the field of PCG-G We first introduce a comprehensive, six-layered taxonomy of game content: bits, space, systems, scenarios, design, and derived Second, we survey the methods used across the whole field of PCG-G from a large research body Third, we map PCG-G methods to game content layers; it turns out that many of the methods used to generate game content from one layer can be used to generate content from another We also survey the use of methods in practice, that is, in commercial or prototype games Fourth and last, we discuss several directions for future research in PCG-G, which we believe deserve close attention in the near future

Procedural content generation for games: A survey

Processing: Creative Coding and Generative Art in Processing 2is a fun and creative approach to learning programming. Using the easy to learn Processing programming language, you will quickly learn how to draw with code, and from there move to animating in 2D and 3D. These basics will then open up a whole world of graphics and computer entertainment. If youve been curious about coding, but the thought of it also makes you nervous, this book is for you; if you consider yourself a creative person, maybe worried programming is too non-creative, this book is also for you; if you want to learn about the latest Processing 2.0 language release and also start making beautiful code art, this book is also definitely for you. You will learn how to develop interactive simulations, create beautiful visualizations, and even code image-manipulation applications. All this is taught using hands-on creative coding projects. Processing 2.0 is the latest release of the open-source Processing language, and includes exciting new features, such as OpenGL 2 support for enhanced 3D graphics performance. Processing: Creative Coding and Generative Art in Processing 2 is designed for independent learning and also as a primary text for an introductory computing class. Based on research funded by the National Science Foundation, this book brings together some of the most engaging and successful approaches from the digital arts and computer science classrooms. Teaches you how to program using a fun and creative approach. Covers the latest release of the Processing 2.0 language. Presents a research based approach to learning computing. What youll learn Learn the latest features of Processing 2.0 Gain a solid understanding of coding concepts, such asdesign, analysis,and object-oriented programming Generate algorithmic art Code 2D and 3D interactive animations Create a visualization based on big data Who this book is for Processing: Creative Coding and Generative Art in Processing 2is for anyone who wants to learn how to program, really anyone! It is also a great, research-based companion text for an introductory computing class.

Processing: Creative Coding and Generative Art in Processing 2

Although the widespread use of gaming for leisure purposes has been well documented, the use of games to support cultural heritage purposes, such as historical teaching and learning, or for enhancing museum visits, has been less well considered. The state-of-the-art in serious game technology is identical to that of the state-of-the-art in entertainment games technology. As a result, the field of serious heritage games concerns itself with recent advances in computer games, real-time computer graphics, virtual and augmented reality and artificial intelligence. On the other hand, the main strengths of serious gaming applications may be generalised as being in the areas of communication, visual expression of information, collaboration mechanisms, interactivity and entertainment. In this report, we will focus on the state-of-the-art with respect to the theories, methods and technologies used in serious heritage games. We provide an overview of existing literature of relevance to the domain, discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the described methods and point out unsolved problems and challenges. In addition, several case studies illustrating the application of methods and technologies used in cultural heritage are presented.

/pdf/developing-serious-games-for-cultural-heritage-a-state-of-4zaesd1wlb.pdf

Developing serious games for cultural heritage: a state-of-the-art review

We present a rule-based approach combined with traditional geometric modelling techniques that allows easy generation of many branching objects including flowers, bushes, trees, and even nonbotanical objects. A set of components describing structural and geometrical elements of plants maps to a graph that forms the description of a specific plant and generates the geometry. Users get immediate feedback on what they've created-geometrical parameters, tropisms, and free-form deformations can control the overall shape of a plant. We demonstrate that our method handles the complexity of most real plants.

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Interactive modeling of plants

We describe the HUMANOID environment dedicated to human modeling and animation for general multimedia, VR, and CAD applications integrating virtual humans. We present the design of the system and the integration of the various features: generic modeling of a large class of entities with the BODY data structure, realistic skin deformation for body and hands, facial animation, collision detection, integrated motion control and parallelization of computation intensive tasks.

The HUMANOID Environment for Interactive Animation of Multiple Deformable Human Characters

We present a rule based modelling system that allows the graphical interactive definition of botanical structures such as plants, including partial and global constraints and free form deformations. The main idea is to represent the rule system by a structure tree with components of high functionality. In comparison to other rule based approaches, complex branching structures can be developed faster and more flexible. Thedesignofnaturalobjectssuchastrees,bushesorflowersisachallenging task in two respects. One is the enormous structural complexity, the other is the large amount of geometrical properties that must be managed. Different approaches have been introduced to create plants. Among formal techniques the most popular ones are textually edited grammars, known as L-systems [2]. Other specialized methods reduce the structural problem and concentrate on the generation of special objects such as trees [3]. In contrast to the rule based generation and subsequent graphical interpretation of letters in classical L-systems, our rule system is defined interactively by a graphical metaphor. The software offers a set of predefined component types which play the role of letters in L-systems. Rules are created by combining components to a so called structure tree.

/pdf/interactive-modelling-of-branching-structures-4ndbdacbzw.pdf

Interactive modelling of branching structures

Der Beitrag beschaftigt sich mit der Herstellung von 3D-Pflanzenmodellen. Ausgehend von traditionellen Methoden wird ein neues Verfahren vorgestellt, das uber regelbasierte Objekterzeugung eine Reihe Modellierprobleme lost. Insbesondere wird gezeigt, wie hiermit strukturelle und geometrische Komplexitat beherrscht und integrativ modelliert werden kann.

/pdf/erzeugung-komplexer-botanischer-objekte-in-der-vnjsiejd7b.pdf

Erzeugung komplexer botanischer Objekte in der Computergraphik

Digital art has become a respected art form, and interest in this very interdisciplinary field is rapidly growing as more and more contemporary artists start employing computers for implementing their own creative work. This course focuses on techniques for creating digital visual art; in particular on the case where custom, not off-the-shelf software tools are applied. The attendees of the course learn how distinct techniques are applied in order to achieve specific artistic goals. They will further learn what consequences and requirements result from given artistic ideas in terms of realizing effective digital art software components.

Course digital art techniques

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