Enhanced Immune Responses in Broiler Chicks Fed Methionine-Supplemented Diets

The destruction of bacterial spores

Performance and welfare of laying hens in conventional and enriched cages

https://mmbr.asm.org/content/mmbr/12/2/105.full.pdf

Surface active agents and their application in bacteriology.

Bacterial and mycotic infections of man

1. An evaluation was made of methods and equipment used for microtitration. 2. The simplicity, accuracy, reproducibility, time saving and economy of microtitersystems well substaniate their use over other outdated methods. 3. Microtiter systems have been found to be useful in agglutination, complement fixation, conglutination and hemagglutination procedures in disease processes caused by bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, fungi, protozoans, metozoans and certain allergic manifestations. 4. A method combining the use of microtitration and an Autoanalyzer has been presented. The microtitraters provided a rapid, accurate and economical method for the preparation of dilutions in plastic cups, which were then fed through either a complement fixation or a hemagglutination manifold for analysis. These were passed through a flow-cell colorimeter and the results, compared with standards, were recorded. This produced an exceedingly sensitive and accurate endpoint. 5. The combined Microtiter-auto-analyzer method provided a simple and precise procedure for continuously titrating hemagglutins and complement fixing antibodies with a reproducibility of ±2.3%.

Detection of antibodies by microtitrator techniques.

Since the latter part of the nineteenth century, much has been written extolling the alleged virtues of iodine as an antiseptic. This has been largely due to the fact that it fulfills a function that many bactericides do not and cannot fulfill. Iodine has been used in various forms as an antiseptic for the skin, wounds, and mucous surfaces of the body; for the sterilization of the air and of inanimate objects such as catgut and surgical instruments; as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent in diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi; for the disinfection of drinking water and swimming pool water; and for the sanitization of eating utensils. These uses of iodine will be considered later. Properties of Iodine. Iodine, a solid crystalline element, bluish-black in color, with a bright metallic lustre, possesses the highest atomic weight of the common halogens. It is the only halogen which is solid a t ordinary room temperature. Iodine has the unique property of changing spontaneously a t room temperatures (20°C.) into the vapor state without first passing through a liquid phase. The vapor state is referred to as nascent iodine. True liquid iodine is rarely seen, except under special laboratory conditions. Iodine is only slightly soluble in water (1:3450 a t 2OOC.) but freely soluble in aqueous solutions containing soluble iodides and also in many organic solvents. Iodine exhibits different colors when dissolved in organic solvents. Chloroform, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene solutions produce a violet color, whereas, in alcohol, ether, glycerin, and propylene glycol, a brown color is produced. The solubility of iodine has been reported to increase in the presence of cane sugar.’ Action of Iodine as a Bactericide. Iodine is a highly reactive element and, precisely because it is so reactive, it is a good germicide. When iodine acts as a disinfectant, free iodine is the effective agent?. Sollmann4 states, “Elementary iodine precipitates proteins, the iodine being partly absorbed, partly loosely bound and partly converted into iodide ions.. . . Since the iodine is loosely bound, it continues to penetrate so that the action extends deeply.” McCulloch6 believed that iodine destroyed microorganisms by the “formation of salts with proteins by direct halogenation.” The Bactericidal Eficiency of Iodine. In gathering laboratory data on the efficacy of an antiseptic one must recognize that today there is not as yet available a universal single laboratory test applicable under all conditions. In all instances, laboratory data should be obtained and interpreted under conditions paralleling as closely as possible those found in actual practice. In the final analysis, efficacy under conditions of use (as recommended in labeling) is the important criterion. When an antiseptic shows constantly satisfactory effectiveness by many different in vilro and ila vioo methods, one can then state that it deserves a high rating of usefulness as a bactericidal agent.

Iodine as an antiseptic.

Since the latter part of the 19th century, much has been written extolling the alleged virtues of iodine as an antiseptic. The sporicidal action of iodine has been reported but discrepancies appear in the results. Comparative studies have been made between water and water-alcoholic iodine solutions in which the water solutions have consistently been shown to be more efficient. This in vitro study reports on the sporicidal efficiency of a 2 per cent water-iodine solution (iodine solution N. F. IX). Both “wet” and “dry” techniques were employed, using conditions with different pH values. Iodine solution N. F. IX was found to be effective against the spores of B. anthracis, B. subtilis, B. megatherium, B. mesentericus, and Cl. tetani.

Iodine Solution as a Sporicidal Agent

The antibacterial efficiency of each of several iodine solutions and different concentrations of ethyl alcohol and of isopropyl alcohol has been determined in connection with their use in the cold disinfection of clinical thermometers. Iodine tincture and iodine solution N. F. were found to be more effective than either of the alcohols for the quick disinfection of clinical thermometers infected with many of the commonly found bacteria.

Disinfection of clinical thermometers.

Summary1. A comparison of various methods for the injection of fertilized and incubated avian eggs has been conducted. The results were similar in all instances wherein the injection was made upon the chorio-allantoic membrane, regardless of the method used to approach the tissue membrane. 2. It was found that large quantities of distilled water, physiological saline, Tyrode's solution and F.D.A. broth could be injected into the egg without affecting the embryo's vitality. Eggs were shown to be capable of sustaining injections of at least 2 cc with maintenance of vitality during at least 48 hours' incubation at 38.5°C following injection. 3. Minimum lethal doses for the avian-embryo were established for the bactericidal agents under test, employing 9- and 12-day-old chick-embryos. The older embryos displayed higher resistance to the toxic substances than did those of 9 days age. 4. Bactericidal efficiencies of the bac-tericides under test were conducted by the Food and Drug Administration technic, against...

Evaluation of Bactericides by Egg Injection Method with Special Reference to Development of Technic

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