There are various approaches for quantitative estimation of reservoir properties from seismic inversion. A general Bayesian formulation for the inverse problem can be implemented in two different work flows. In the sequential approach, first seismic data are inverted, deterministically or stochastically, into elastic properties; then rock-physics models transform those elastic properties to the reservoir property of interest. The joint or simultaneous work flow accounts for the elastic parameters and the reservoir properties, often in a Bayesian formulation, guaranteeing consistency between the elastic and reservoir properties. Rock physics plays the important role of linking elastic parameters such as impedances and velocities to reservoir properties of interest such as lithologies, porosity, and pore fluids. Geostatistical methods help add constraints of spatial correlation, conditioning to different kinds of data and incorporating subseismic scales of heterogeneities.

Seismic inversion for reservoir properties combining statistical rock physics and geostatistics: A review

The Earth below ground is the subject of interest for many geophysical as well as geological investigations. Even though most practitioners would agree that all available information should be used in such an investigation, it is common practice that only a part of geological and geophysical information is actually integrated in structural geological models. We believe that some reasons for this omission are (a) an incomplete picture of available geological modeling methods, and (b) the problem of the perceived static picture of an inflexible geological representation in an image or geological model. With this work, we aim to contribute to the problem of subsurface interface detection through (a) the review of state-of-the-art geological modeling methods that allow the consideration of multiple aspects of geological realism in the form of observations, information, and knowledge, cast in geometric representations of subsurface structures, and (b) concepts and methods to analyze, quantify, and communicate related uncertainties in these models. We introduce a formulation for geological model representation and interpolation and uncertainty analysis methods with the aim to clarify similarities and differences in the diverse set of approaches that developed in recent years. We hope that this chapter provides an entry point to recent developments in geological modeling methods, helps researchers in the field to better consider uncertainties, and supports the integration of geological observations and knowledge in geophysical interpretation, modeling and inverse approaches.

/pdf/3-d-structural-geological-models-concepts-methods-and-5fqbpknxod.pdf

3-D Structural geological models: Concepts, methods, and uncertainties

Status of electromagnetic heating for enhanced heavy oil/bitumen recovery and future prospects: A review

Development of mature oil fields — A review

Structural uncertainties have a direct impact in exploration, development, and production, and in drilling decisions. In this paper, we present an approach for determining and handling structural uncertainties. We first examine the magnitude of the different sources of uncertainty, and explain how to estimate their direction and correlation length. This task requires a huge geophysical input. This information is then used in a general scheme to generate multiple realizations of the structural model consistent with structural uncertainties. The technique is based on geostatistical concepts. Finally, we illustrate the application of this scheme in examples relevant for exploration, development and production, and drilling.The structural model is described as a set of horizons represented by triangulated surfaces cut by faults. The relationships between horizons and faults are expressed as a set of constraints. On a horizon, each source of uncertainty (typically migration, picking, and time‐to‐depth conversi...

Structural uncertainties: Determination, management, and applications

Integrated Uncertainty Assessment For Project Evaluation and Risk Analysis

Experience with the Quantification of Subsurface Uncertainties

Managing Structural Uncertainty in a Mature Field for Optimal Well Placement

This paper shows how an integrated assessment of uncertainties in geophysics, geology and reservoir engineering, provides a rational basis for risk in the developement of the “XYZ” field. The objective of the study was to integrate the uncertainties identified on the reservoir and to quantify their impact on Gross Rock Volume (GRV), Oil Originally in Place (OOIP), recoverable reserves and production profiles.

Effects of Steam on Heavy Oil Combustion

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Integrated Uncertainty Assessment For Project Evaluation and Risk Analysis

Experience with the Quantification of Subsurface Uncertainties

Managing Structural Uncertainty in a Mature Field for Optimal Well Placement

Integrated Uncertainty Assessment For Project Evaluation and Risk Analysis

Effects of Steam on Heavy Oil Combustion