<title>Abstract</title> Chickpea is an important cash crop for Ada’a farmers as it does for farmers in Ethiopia and elsewhere in the world. Its production, however, has been dwindling due to biotic and abiotic stresses. According to participant farmers from Ada’a district, the production of chickpea in some Kebeles of Ada’a such as <italic>Gubasaye</italic> has been abandoned because of root rot and foliar diseases such as fusarium wilt. This paper presents the evaluation of upscaled varieties' performance assessed by metric data as well as through beneficiary farmers' self-assessment data. Recognizant to the problem, five varieties of chickpea tested in the Goro district of the Southwest Shoa zone, were introduced as part of the upscaling of crowdsourcing winner crop varieties in Ethiopia. The introduction of the winner varieties and adjustment of the planting time was found effective in the Ada’a district. Higher grain yield was obtained from the upscaled winner varieties in the range of 2.4–2.53 t/ha, with slight variations over varieties. <italic>Habru</italic> variety showed slightly higher performance than the others. Survey participant farmers have reported an increase in GY due to growing the winner varieties compared with varieties they used to grow before and gained higher annual income due to higher productivity, marker demand of the upscaled varieties, and premium market price with 6–25 Ethiopian birr (ETB) per kilogram of sold grain of these varieties. High productivity is attributed to the genetic potential of the varieties, their response to farm management, and better adaptation to the local growing conditions. Participant farmers perceived that their livelihood has been improving because of the adoption of the upscaled varieties' productivity and market demand. The annual income of participant farmers is estimated to be 2500 to 181,000 ETB for growing the winner varieties. The results indicate that upscaling pre-tested chickpea varieties and delaying their planting time to early September are effective mechanisms for reducing yield loss to fusarium wilt and root rot diseases. It can be inferred that using the crowdsourcing approach for variety evaluation and selection for upscaling is a robust approach to improve the adoption and dissemination of improved agricultural technologies.

Chickpea production restored through upscaling crowdsourcing winner varieties and planting date adjustments in the Ada’a district, East Shoa zone, Ethiopia

Chickpea is an important cash crop for Ada'a farmers as it does for farmers in Ethiopia and elsewhere in the world. Its production, however, has been dwindling due to biotic and abiotic stresses. According to participant farmers from Ada'a district, the production of chickpea in some Kebeles of Ada'a such as Gubasaye has been abandoned because of root rot and foliar diseases such as fusarium wilt. This paper presents the evaluation of upscaled varieties' performance assessed by metric data as well as through beneficiary farmers' self-assessment data. Recognizant to the problem, five varieties of chickpea tested in the Goro district of the Southwest Shoa zone, were introduced as part of the upscaling of crowdsourcing winner crop varieties in Ethiopia. Crowdsourcing is an approach of outsourcing variety evaluation, selection, and dissemination to volunteer crowds of farmers. The introduction of the winner varieties and adjustment of the planting time was found effective in the Ada'a district. Higher grain yield was obtained from the upscaled winner varieties in the range of 2.4 – 2.53 t/ha, with slight variations over varieties. Habru variety showed slightly higher performance than the others. Survey participant farmers have reported an increase in GY due to growing the winner varieties compared with varieties they used to grow before and gained higher annual income due to higher productivity, market demand of the upscaled varieties, and premium market price with 6 – 25 Ethiopian birr (ETB) per kilogram of sold grain of these varieties. High productivity is attributed to the genetic potential of the varieties, their response to farm management, and better adaptation to the local growing conditions. Participant farmers perceived that their livelihood has been improving because of the adoption of the upscaled varieties' productivity and market demand. The annual income of participant farmers is estimated to be 2500 to 181,000 ETB for growing the winner varieties. The results indicate that upscaling pre-tested chickpea varieties and delaying their planting time to early September are effective mechanisms for reducing yield loss to fusarium wilt and root rot diseases. It can be inferred that using the crowdsourcing approach for variety evaluation and selection for upscaling is a robust approach to improve the adoption and dissemination of improved agricultural technologies. 

Associations of angular leaf spot (Pseudocercospora griseola) epidemics and yield losses in common bean as influenced by integration of variety and fungicide spray frequency

Abstract Background: Chickpea, a legume of immense nutritional and economic significance, has carved a unique niche in the small cereal-based cropping system in the highlands of Ethiopia. However, its productivity in Ethiopia is too low compared to its attainable yield and the world average. This could be partially attributed to chickpea Fusarium wilt, one of the most devastating diseases that give rise to considerable grain yield loss. Chickpea field surveillance was conducted to quantify the status of chickpea Fusarium wilt intensity and its association with biophysical and socio-economic factors. Methods: Chickpea Fusarium wilt incidence and severity were assessed across six districts, 18 Kebele (the lowest administrative unit), and 303 farmers’ fields using random sampling design methods during October–January cropping seasons of 2022/2023 and 2023/2024. A logistic regression model was used to associate disease intensity parameters with biophysical factors. Results: The findings depicted that chickpea Fusarium wilt was ubiquitously detected in all inspected chickpea-sown fields. The disease incidence and percent severity index (PSI) were significantly impacted by the biophysical factor studied. The minimum wilt incidence (8.63%) and PSI (8.78%) were noted from chickpea fields planted late in the season after four or more consecutive years of crop rotation practice. Conversely, the maximum wilt incidence (43.74%) and PSI (39.58%) were obtained from fields owning early planted chickpeas after one year of crop rotation practices. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all isolates were found to be pathogenic; inducing yellowing and wilting symptoms with a mean incidence percentage of 7.94–62.96%. Thus, about 61% of the isolates were moderately pathogenic, causing a wilt incidence of 30–50%. The rest of 22.2% and 16.7% of the isolates were highly pathogenic and less pathogenic by inducing above 50% and less than 30% mean wilt incidences, respectively. The regression analysis depicted that the duration of crop rotation retained a strong negative association with the incidence of chickpea Fusarium wilt. Additionally, planting time and weed density showed a moderate association with the disease intensity in a negative manner. Conclusion: Delayed planting, long-term crop rotation practices, and maintaining weed-free environments are pivotal for effective management of chickpea Fusarium wilt. The combined, synergistic implementation of these practices is crucial for reducing disease intensity and restraining chickpea yield loss. Future efforts should also focus on developing chickpea genotypes with improved resistance. 

Chickpea Fusarium Wilt ( Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris) : Current status and biophysical factors influencing its epidemics in western Amhara, Ethiopia

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Field Pea Gall (Physoderma viciae) Disease Epidemics and Its Association with Biophysical Factors in Highlands of Ethiopia

Chickpea Fusarium wilt is seriously damaging chickpea productivity. To determine the integrated effects of three sowing dates and four chickpea varieties on epidemics of Chickpea Fusarium wilt and grain yield, field experiments were conducted in naturally infested soils at Alem Ketema and Enewari, Ethiopia, during 2018. Treatments were factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that variety Mastewal recorded relatively low mean Fusarium wilt incidence at Alem Ketema (15.344%) and Enewari (38.19%) compared with the other test varieties. Variety Mastewal also produced high grain yield over others at Alem Ketema (1155.14 kg ha−1) and Enewari (1120.91 kg ha−1). Related trends were observed for infection rate, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), and yield components at both locations. Late August sowing resulted in higher stand count at harvest (132.08 and 102.08), number of pods (50.28 and 40.62), grain yield (1030.86 and 1122.08 kg ha−1), and lower AUDPC value (321.30%-days and 540.34%-days) than early August sowing in that order at Alem Ketema and Enewari. Interaction of variety Mastewal by late August sowing gave relatively high grain yield (1341.36 and 1331.85 kg ha−1), and it had low AUDPC (196.58%-days and 483.36%-days) at Alem Ketema and Enewari, respectively. Conversely, early planting caused up to 25.32% (Alem Ketema) and 193.67% (Enewari) yield reductions in chickpea varieties over late planting. Therefore, delaying sowing date and growing variety Mastewal found to maximize chickpea yield and minimize effect and progression of Fusarium wilt, and hence, recommended for the study areas. 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/agg2.20400

Host resistance by sowing date interaction reduced Fusarium wilt pressure and improved grain yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in North Shoa, Ethiopia

Abstract Physoderma vacia is recently identified fungi which causes faba bean gall (FBG) in Ethiopia. Although the disease is new to the country, its epidemiology and management is not well known yet. Thus, this study was initiated to select a readily available fungicide/s with high efficacy level against FBG. Field experiment was conducted for two following years at Mush and Degem using RCB-Design with three replications. ANOVA showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between fungicides in disease and yield parameters. Maximum percent severity index (PSI) (47.4 and 81.27%) and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) (1401.178 and 2367.91%)-days were observed from control, while minimum PSI (13.6 and 37.21%) and AUDPC (387.33 and 1077.17%)-days were noticed from Nativo SC 300 fungicide on both 2019 and 2020 growing seasons, respectively. Moreover, Nativo SC 300 recorded maximum grain yield (kg/ha) 3415.85 in 2019 and 2488.17 in 2020 production year. Conversely, control resulted minimum grain yield (2040.1 and 1130.1 kg/ha) in 2019 and 2020 growing seasons, respectively. However, Amistar xtra 280 SC, Rexdo and Payrazol were phyto-toxic to faba bean per factory recommendations. Spraying Nativo SC 300 fungicide to manage FBG would provide 120.13% grain yield advantage over control.

Fungicide screening for the management of faba bean gall (Physoderma vacia) disease in Ethiopia

Physoderma fungal species cause faba bean gall (FBG) which devastates faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in the Ethiopian highlands. In three regions (Amahara, Oromia, and Tigray), the relative importance, distribution, intensity, and association with factors affecting FBG damage were assessed for the 2019 (283 fields) and 2020 (716 fields) main cropping seasons. A logistic regression model was used to associate biophysical factors with FBG incidence and severity. Amhara region has the highest prevalence of FBG (95.7%), followed by Tigray (83.3%), and the Oromia region (54%). Maximum FBG incidence (78.1%) and severity (32.8%) were recorded from Amhara and Tigray areas, respectively. The chocolate spot was most prevalent in West Shewa, Finfinne Special Zone, and North Shewa of the Oromia region. Ascochyta blight was found prevalent in North Shewa, West Shewa, Southwest Shewa of Oromia, and the South Gondar of Amhara. Faba bean rust was detected in all zones except for the South Gonder and North Shewa, and root rot disease was detected in all zones except South Gonder, South Wollo, and North Shewa of Amahara. Crop growth stage, cropping system, altitude, weed density, and fungicide, were all found to affect the incidence and severity of the FBG. Podding and maturity stage, mono-cropping, altitude (&gt;2,400), high weed density, and non-fungicide were found associated with increased disease intensities. However, crop rotation, low weed infestation, and fungicide usage were identified as potential management options to reduce FBG disease. 

pdf/occurrence-of-faba-bean-diseases-and-determinants-of-faba-2jn4x62mt2.pdf

Occurrence of Faba Bean Diseases and Determinants of Faba Bean Gall (Physoderma sp.) Epidemics in Ethiopia

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Host resistance by sowing date interaction reduced Fusarium wilt pressure and improved grain yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in North Shoa, Ethiopia

Fungicide screening for the management of faba bean gall (Physoderma vacia) disease in Ethiopia

Occurrence of Faba Bean Diseases and Determinants of Faba Bean Gall (Physoderma sp.) Epidemics in Ethiopia