Conventional ice-skating rinks require an intensive refrigeration load and continuous use of chiller which results in a substantial energy consumption.Therefore, novel, and sustainable alternatives are required to make more energy efficient ice-skating rinks.In this study, we propose a novel first-of-a-kind PCM (Phase Change Material) based ice skating rink and report the development of computational tool based on CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) to study various design aspects of such innovative system.The overall results show the significance of this model in providing a powerful tool to select suitable PCM, test operating parameters such as inlet temperature and flow rate, as well as predict the ice rink performance under different scenarios. 

pdf/design-of-energy-efficient-ice-skating-rink-using-phase-5dvgm8mr6m.pdf

Design of energy efficient ice-skating rink using phase change material

The increasing demand for long wavelength neutrons is being motivated by the need to study larger objects and slower motions characterizing the new materials related to the requirements of nowadays science and technology. However, not much work has been done so far towards the identification of materials and conditions able to produce a copious flux of very cold neutrons (VCN) at either stationary or pulsed sources. This work presents the results of a preliminary study aimed at exploring materials that look promising as potential moderators for VCN sources. For this purpose, a search is done for the existence of very low energy excitations in the generalized density of states of some molecular systems, which can be efficient to slow down already cold neutrons by exchanging energy with them. Besides reviewing and improving the available information on methane (II) and methane clathrate, it is found that such objective can be realized by the quantum dynamics corresponding to the librations of the methyl groups in the methyl fluoride and the p-xylene molecules encapsulated in two different molecular hosts at low temperatures. 

Studies on potential moderator materials for very cold neutron sources

Advances in the modeling of multiphase flows and their application in nuclear engineering—A review

Thermal neutron scattering data for neutronic design of neutron sources traditionally has been limited to a few selected materials due to the relevance of those materials to nuclear energy applications and the limitations of legacy software. With the availability and development of recent software, such as NCrystal, the European Spallation Source is engaged in activities to develop new nuclear data, in particular with applications in cold, very-cold and ultra-cold neutrons sources in mind. In this work we showcase highlights of progress on selected studies related to this effort. In particular, we highlight new scattering kernels for Monte Carlo simulation in superfluid helium around 1.0 K and updates to PHITS to include improved thermal neutron scattering. 

Advances in nuclear data development for moderator and reflector design at the European Spallation Source

Abstract In the course of the Horizon 2020 project HighNESS, a second moderator concept has been developed for the European Spallation Source, which complements the currently built moderator and is optimized for high intensity with a large viewable surface area. In this work we introduce conceptual designs for neutron instruments for condensed matter research designed to make optimal use of the capabilities of this moderator. The focus is on two concepts for small-angle neutron scattering and one neutron imaging instrument, which are intended to complement corresponding instruments that are already under construction at the European Spallation Source. One small-angle neutron scattering instrument concept resembles a conventional pinhole collimator geometry and aims to profit from the proposed second moderator by enabling to illuminate larger samples and providing particularly high resolution, drawing on a 30 m collimation and corresponding detector distance. A second small-angle neutron scattering instrument concept adopts nested mirror optics that enable to efficiently exploit the large moderator size and provide high resolution by focusing on the detector. The neutron imaging instrument concept is a typical pinhole instrument that can be found at continuous sources and draws on the corresponding strengths of high flux and large homogeneous fields-of-view, while still providing moderate wavelength resolution for advanced imaging methods. 

Neutron instrument concepts for a high intensity moderator at the European spallation source

The European Spallation Source (ESS), currently under construction, is based on a high-brightness, bi-spectral, low-dimensional moderator placed above a spallation target, intended to initially serve fifteen neutron scattering instruments. Within the upgrade path of ESS, the HighNESS project aims at designing a source complementary to this upper moderator, focusing on delivering a higher intensity and a colder spectrum of neutrons. We have investigated the use of solid ortho-deuterium at 5 K as a source of very cold neutrons (VCNs). This source performs competitively as a high-intensity cold-neutron moderator, while also showing an order-of-magnitude flux increase in the very cold range above 40 ̊ A compared to a liquid deuterium moderator of similar volume and shape, also designed within HighNESS. The long-wavelength performance of the source can be improved further by encasing it in a thin layer of nanodiamonds. The cooling of a solid deuterium moderator placed so close to the spallation target of a high-power neutron source like ESS is very challenging, but may be feasible by augmenting the heat conductivity with the addition of low-density metallic foam structures within the moderator vessel. Such a source could provide unprecedented opportunities in fundamental physics research and neutron scattering using VCNs. 

An intense source of very cold neutrons using solid deuterium and nanodiamonds for the European Spallation Source

The design of a molten salt reactor is largely based on CFD simulations. Phase change plays an important role in the safety of the reactor, but numerical modelling of phase change is particularly challenging. Therefore, the knowledge of the margin of error of CFD simulations involving phase change is very important. Relevant experimental validation data is lacking. For this reason, a numerical benchmark designed after the freeze valve is proposed. The benchmark consists of five stages, where with each step more complexity is added. The step-wise addition of complexity allows for pinpointing potential sources of discrepancy. Results were obtained with three different codes: STAR-CCM+, OpenFOAM, and DGFlows. The results were found to be largely consistent between the codes, however the addition of conjugate heat transfer introduced some discrepancies. These results indicate that careful consideration is needed when coupling conjugate heat transfer solvers with solid–liquid phase change models. 

A numerical benchmark for modelling phase change in molten salt reactors

Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a C-Shaped Sodium Hydroxide Freeze Valve

BIFROST-An indirect geometry cold neutron spectrometer at the European Spallation Source.

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An intense source of very cold neutrons using solid deuterium and nanodiamonds for the European Spallation Source

A numerical benchmark for modelling phase change in molten salt reactors

Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a C-Shaped Sodium Hydroxide Freeze Valve

BIFROST-An indirect geometry cold neutron spectrometer at the European Spallation Source.