In the European Union, the building sector is one of the largest energy consumer with about 40% of the final energy consumption. Reducing consumption is also a sociological, technological and scientific matter. New methods have to be devised in order to support building professionals in their effort to optimize designs and to enhance energy performances. Indeed, the research field related to building modelling and energy performances prediction is very productive, involving various scientific domains. 
Among them, one can distinguish physics-related fields, focusing on the resolution of equations simulating building thermal behaviour and mathematics-related ones, consisting in the implementation of prediction model thanks to machine learning techniques. This paper proposes a detailed review and discussion of these works. First, the approaches based on physical (‘‘white box’’) models are reviewed according three-category classification. Then, we present the main machine learning (‘‘black box’’) tools used for prediction of energy consumption, heating/cooling demand, indoor temperature. Eventually, a third approach called hybrid (‘‘grey box’’) method is introduced, which uses both physical and statistical techniques. The paper covers a wide range of research works, giving the base principles of each technique and numerous illustrative examples

/pdf/state-of-the-art-in-building-modelling-and-energy-lwuxvh5pjq.pdf

State of the art in building modelling and energy performances prediction: A review

Research on the green roof has been raised expeditiously over the past decade. Green roof have been proposed as the sustainable practice to mitigate the adverse effects of urbanization. This review paper includes the history of the green roof, green roof components and multiple benefits (environmental, social and economical) associated with the green roof technology. This paper also emphasizes how the green roof works in different areas, their performance in reducing the stormwater and energy costs, improving air and ecological performance. The benefits of green roof show that it plays an important role in making cities safe, sustainable and resilient to climate change. Therefore, many countries are giving incentives to the house owners for the application of green roof. However, initial high construction costs, high maintenance costs and roof leakage problems are the main challenges associated with the application of green roofs. These challenges can be overcome with the of new cost effective green roof design that can work more effectively and efficiently in any area. Advanced modification and trends of green roof application are also included in this paper. The paper also highlights the research challenges and research gap of the green roof. At the end, for the better performance of the green roofs, some of the recommendations are also provided.

Green roof benefits, opportunities and challenges – A review

The appropriate application of advanced control strategies in Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning (HVAC) systems is key to improving the energy efficiency of buildings. Significant advances have been made in the past decades on model development to provide better control over the energy consumption of system components while simultaneously ensuring a satisfactory indoor environment in terms of thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Yet it is an ongoing challenge to select and implement the best-suited modeling technique for improving the control strategy of HVAC systems. For the development of modeling research it is important that the building research community is informed about the role, application, merits, shortcomings and outcomes of different modeling techniques used in HVAC systems. Even though several review articles have been published on modeling techniques, the weaknesses and strengths of these modeling techniques, along with performances of developed models associated with research studies, have rarely been identified. This study presents a critical review of current modeling techniques used in HVAC systems regarding their applicability and ease of acceptance in practice and summarizes the strengths, weaknesses, applications and performance of these modeling techniques. Additionally, the performance and outcome of some of the developed models used in real world HVAC systems have been discussed. From the extensive critical review it is evident that almost every model has a major/minor shortcoming generated from assumptions, unmeasured disturbances or uncertainties in some system properties. This review aims at highlighting the shortcomings of existing application-based research on HVAC systems, and accordingly, recommendations are presented to improve the performance of building HVAC systems.

Modeling techniques used in building HVAC control systems: A review

Global warming, depletion of natural resources, acid rains, air and water pollutions, and ozone depletions are some of the environmental consequences that are deemed attributable to human activities on planet earth. Sustainable practices have been therefore evolved as main remedies to tackles these issues. Green roof strategy is one of these practices that not only provides heat island amelioration and thermal comfort for occupants but also reduces energy consumption of buildings as well as add aesthetic values to the environment. This paper targets to run a review on the application of green roof strategy. The review scans a time frame from 2002 through early 2012 with a focus on energy related topics on energy related topics of green roofs. The review discussed various types of green roofs, components of a green roof, economic revenues, and technical attributes. Many general advantages and few general disadvantages of green roofs in one hand and pros and cons of green roofs with respect to energy utilization on the other hand are also synthesized. Some recommendations for future study are also proposed.

A review of energy aspects of green roofs

The residential sector consumes a significant amount of energy worldwide. Therefore, it is important to study, analyse and implement bioclimatic architectural systems that contribute to the reduction of energy consumption while considering the possible construction solutions offered at both passive and active levels. The present study conducted a comprehensive analysis that was stratified into three large blocks. The first block examined the concept of bioclimatic architecture. The second examined the bioclimatic architecture construction strategies as a function of each climate zone with the objective of achieving the greatest climate comfort level within a specific building. Fourteen climate zones were established and recommended according to the possible strategies that would facilitate reductions in energy consumption. The third block analysed the principal scientific research trends in this field and highlighted the use of vernacular architecture strategies, experimentation with bioclimatic architecture construction, application of innovative bioclimatic architecture strategies, promotion of bioclimatic architecture, use of bioclimatic architecture in urban planning, inclusion of bioclimatic lessons in study plans and development of energy saving technologies to support bioclimatic architecture. The extensive review described in this paper allowed us to conclude that certain bioclimatic architecture strategies that have been adopted in specific countries could be exported to other areas with similar climates because they were proven to be good functional design strategies that resulted in large energy saving measures (each in its corresponding climate) related to solar protection, humidification or temperature increases.

Review of bioclimatic architecture strategies for achieving thermal comfort

Renewable energy for passive house heating: II. Model

Renewable energy for passive house heating: Part I. Building description

The generation of domestic hot water load profiles in Swiss residential buildings through statistical predictions

For the purpose of energy conservation, modern buildings are becoming more and more air-tight and generally rely on a mechanical ventilation system. According to the literature, solar air heating systems can contribute in a cost-effective way to the heating and ventilation of utility buildings. Especially cost-efficient, unglazed, facade-integrated solar air collectors seem to be an attractive new market for facade renovation. To demonstrate the technical feasibility of generating heating energy on facades, a demonstration plant based on an unglazed solar air collector was installed in 2013 in the facade of a demonstration building and was intensively studied using energy metering.

High-efficiency ventilation and heating systems by means of solar air collectors for industry building refurbishment

Objective: The aim was to assess the impact of operating room (OR) ventilation quality on surgical site infections (SSIs) using a novel ventilation index. Background: Previous studies compared laminar air flow with conventional ventilation, thereby ignoring many parameters that influence air flow properties. Methods: In this cohort study, we surveyed hospitals participating in the Swiss SSI surveillance and calculated a ventilation index for their ORs, with higher values reflecting less turbulent air displacement. For procedures captured between January 2017 and December 2019, we studied the association between ventilation index and SSI rates using linear regression (hospital-level analysis) and with the individual SSI risk using generalized linear mixed-effects models (patient-level analysis). Results: We included 47 hospitals (182 ORs). Among the 163,740 included procedures, 6791 SSIs were identified. In hospital-level analyses, a 5-unit increase in the ventilation index was associated with lower SSI rates for knee and hip arthroplasty (−0.41 infections per 100 procedures, 95% confidence interval: −0.69 to −0.13), cardiac (−0.89, −1.91 to 0.12), and spine surgeries (−1.15, −2.56 to 0.26). Similarly, patient-level analyses showed a lower SSI risk with each 5-unit increase in ventilation index (adjusted odds ratio 0.71, confidence interval: 0.58–0.87 for knee and hip; 0.72, 0.49–1.06 for spine; 0.82, 0.69–0.98 for cardiac surgery). Higher index values were mainly associated with a lower risk for superficial and deep incisional SSIs. Conclusions: Better ventilation properties, assessed with our ventilation index, are associated with lower rates of superficial and deep incisional SSIs in orthopedic and cardiac procedures. OR ventilation quality appeared to be less relevant for other surgery types.

https://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/Abstract/9900/Better_Operating_Room_Ventilation_as_Determined_by.219.aspx

Better Operating Room Ventilation as Determined by a Novel Ventilation Index is Associated With Lower Rates of Surgical Site Infections

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