ABSTRACT The study of the effects of national linkages with foreign powers on trajectories of democratization has long represented an avenue of scholarly research. With the rise of China on the international stage, the spread of undemocratic norms, values and standards of behavior possibly associated with its increasing ties with many states around the world has specifically emerged as an area of concern. For Canada, a country having incorporated democracy-promotion into its foreign policy strategy, assessing the magnitude of such risk is a necessary step towards eventual policy adjustments aimed at countering autocratic influences abroad. In this article, we investigate the extent to which economic, political and security linkages with China contribute to the prevalence of media self-censorship, a behavior which has been associated with democratic backsliding in transitional regimes. We find a positive, significant and robust positive correlation between these variables. Strategic behavior by the China, actions by leaders of transitional regimes seeking to consolidate their rule, and the passive diffusion of norms, values and standards of behavior are proposed as likely mechanisms for the observed link. Our results suggest the significant power of economic, political and security linkages in affecting trajectories of democratization in countries around the world.

Foreign contributors to democratic backsliding: the effects of linkages with China on media self-censorship in transitional regimes

ABSTRACT An increasing number of scholars have studied the role of identity in shaping states’ foreign policy. In Europe, the existence of diverse national identities renders shared senses of European identity an important foundation for any foreign policy requiring supra-national coordination. Most studies support the view that strengthening senses of European identity promote ‘Europeanist’ foreign policy paradigms that emphasize the importance for Europe to act as an autonomous and independent global player. However, we suggest that the effects of European identification on citizens’ foreign policy preferences remain poorly understood. In this paper, using novel survey data, we statistically assess the linkages between citizens’ sense of European identity and their preferences to align with the United States. We find European identity to be strongly tied to ‘Atlanticist’ foreign policy attitudes and attribute much of this effect to feelings of ideational proximity. Our results provide insights into the future of Europe’s international positioning and showcase the importance of considering the relative proximity in actors’ identities when studying the impact of such identities on foreign policy attitudes.

Identarian Atlanticism and foreign policy implications: a study of European public attitudes

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Foreign contributors to democratic backsliding: the effects of linkages with China on media self-censorship in transitional regimes

Identarian Atlanticism and foreign policy implications: a study of European public attitudes