Precision Heart Rate Training

Research on the crossmodal correspondences has revealed that seemingly unrelated perceptual information can be matched across the senses in a manner that is consistent across individuals. An interesting extension of this line of research is to study how sensory information biases action. In the present study, we investigated whether different sounds (i.e. tones and piano chords) would bias participants' hand movements in a free movement task. Right-handed participants were instructed to move a computer mouse in order to represent three tones and two chords. They also had to rate each sound in terms of three visual analogue scales (slow-fast, unpleasant-pleasant, and weak-strong). The results demonstrate that tones and chords influence hand movements, with higher-(lower-)pitched sounds giving rise to a significant bias towards upper (lower) locations in space. These results are discussed in terms of the literature on forward models, embodied cognition, crossmodal correspondences, and mental imagery. Potential applications sports and rehabilitation are discussed briefly.

Drawing sounds: representing tones and chords spatially.

The raise of novel mobile sensor and actuator technologies in the past decade enabled sonification of sport related data in real time for the athlete. We have systematically analysed scientific literature with respect to sports domains, feedback goals, user types, used sensor technology, and how the captured sensor data was sonified. We describe these aspects of 34 selected papers. Our analysis enables researchers to grasp prevalent approaches and to identify blind spots for new ways how sonification can not only aid athletes to improve their performance, but also to enhance the experience of various sports practitioners through sonification.

Sonification approaches in sports in the past decade: a literature review

This paper presents the design and evaluation of four sonification methods to support monitoring and diagnosis in Electrocardiography (ECG). In particular we focus on an ECG abnormality called ST-elevation which is an important indicator of a myocardial infarction. Since myocardial infarction represents a life-threatening condition it is of essential value to detect an ST-elevation as early as possible. As part of the evaluated sound designs, we propose two novel sonifications: (i) Polarity sonification, a continuous parameter-mapping sonification using a formant synthesizer and (ii) Stethoscope sonification, a combination of the ECG signal and a stethoscope recording. The other two designs, (iii) the water ambience sonification and the (iv) morph sonification, were presented in our previous work about ECG sonification (Aldana Blanco AL, Steffen G, Thomas H (2016) In: Proceedings of Interactive Sonification Workshop (ISon). Bielefeld, Germany). The study evaluates three components across the proposed sonifications (1) detection performance, meaning if participants are able to detect a transition from healthy to unhealthy states, (2) classification accuracy, that evaluates if participants can accurately classify the severity of the pathology, and (3) aesthetics and usability (pleasantness, informativeness and long-term listening). The study results show that the polarity design had the highest accuracy rates in the detection task whereas the stethoscope sonification obtained the better score in the classification assignment. Concerning aesthetics, the water ambience sonification was regarded as the most pleasant. Furthermore, we found a significant difference between sound/music experts and non-experts in terms of the error rates obtained in the detection task using the morph sonification and also in the classification task using the stethoscope sonification. Overall, the group of experts obtained lower error rates than the group of non-experts, which means that further training could improve accuracy rates and, particularly for designs that rely mainly on pitch variations, additional training is needed in the non-experts group.

/pdf/ecg-sonification-to-support-the-diagnosis-and-monitoring-of-viuxl1hwvd.pdf

ECG sonification to support the diagnosis and monitoring of myocardial infarction

We present multiple approaches to soccer soniﬁcation, focusing on enhancing the experience for a general audience. For this work, we developed our own soccer data set through computer vision analysis of footage from a tactical overhead camera. This data set included X, Y, coordinates for the ball and players throughout, as well as passes, steals and goals. After a divergent creation process, we developed four main methods of sports soniﬁcation for entertainment. For the Tempo Variation and Pitch Variation methods, tempo or pitch is operationalized to demonstrate ball and player movement data. The Key Moments method features only pass, steal and goal data, while the Musical Moments method takes ex-isting music and attempts to align the track with important data points. Evaluation was done using a combination of qualitative focus groups and quantitative surveys, with 36 participants completing hour long sessions. Results indicated an overall preference for the Pitch Variation and Musical Moments methods, and revealed a robust trade-off between usability and enjoyability.

/pdf/soccer-sonification-enhancing-viewer-experience-ihn8lfzz0j.pdf

Soccer Sonification: Enhancing Viewer Experience

This article is motivated by the question “Can a sonification system that provides continuous auditory heart rate feedback help stabilize an athlete’s heart rate at a given target heart rate while exercising?” The sonification system uses a Polar H7 heart rate sensor to measure the heart rate of the athlete and an iOS device for its processing and display. We implemented several sonification approaches, of which two were tested in both a unimodal and an audiovisual context in comparison to a purely visual feedback and to not having any feedback. The system’s objective performance and multiple subjective usability aspects were evaluated in an experiment with 16 subjects. The experiment has to be considered a pilot study because the exercising conditions were artificial. The subjects were exercising on an indoor cycle and could focus their visual sense on the visual display all the time. It was found that all of the feedback methods could convey information to the athlete and were therefore clearly superior to not having any feedback. The failure of showing a supremacy of the multimodal methods over the purely visual one can be reasoned by the fact that the testing conditions were artificial and could therefore not show the advantages of auditory/audiovisual feedback due to limited bandwidth of the visual channel. The conclusions we make about the design and evaluation of such sonification systems can be considered a useful starting point for further work in this field.

Design and evaluation of the effectiveness of a sonification technique for real time heart-rate data

In this paper, we describe a sonification system that delivers instantaneous heart rate information to an athlete. The sonification system uses a textitPolar H7 heart rate sensor to monitor the heart rate of the user. We describe the techniques used for the processing of the captured heart rate data, its sonification and the relevance of the feedback methods via both a subjective and objective analysis. Our tests prove the strength of having a method for the sonification of instantaneous heart rate. Our testing procedure also serves as a pointer for evaluation of the efficacy of sonification methods in general.

/pdf/real-time-heart-rate-sonification-for-athletes-wblp9dkjr7.pdf

Real-time heart rate sonification for athletes

This paper is motivated from the question if the use of spatial sounds enhances learning in multi-modal teaching aids. In a basic pilot study the consolidation of serial stimuli was tested for unimodal conditions (visual; auditory) and a bimodal condition (spatially congruent, audiovisual). In contrary to our hypothesis, the audiovisual condition did not show better results than the visual one. In this particular test the auditory display was clearly inferior to the two other ones.

/pdf/the-effect-of-audiovisual-congruency-on-short-term-memory-of-2szwhrd3ln.pdf

The effect of audiovisual congruency on short-term memory of serial spatial stimuli: A pilot test

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Design and evaluation of the effectiveness of a sonification technique for real time heart-rate data

Real-time heart rate sonification for athletes

The effect of audiovisual congruency on short-term memory of serial spatial stimuli: A pilot test