The low impact development (LID) approach has been recommended as an alternative to traditional stormwater design. Research on individual LID practices such as bioretention, pervious pavements, and grassed swales has increased in recent years. Bioretention cells have been effective in retaining large volumes of runoff and pollutants on site, and consistently reduced concentrations of certain pollutants such as metals. However, retention of certain pollutants such as nitrate–nitrogen and phosphorus has been problematic. Porous pavements have been extremely effective in infiltrating stormwater runoff. Concerns have been raised about groundwater contamination, but research has shown that this is not a problem in most settings. Green roofs have been found to retain a large percentage of rainfall (63% on average) in a variety of climates. A common thread across bioretention, green roofs and grassed swales was found: the export of phosphorus. The issue appears to be linked to high phosphorus levels in the soil media, or possibly to fertilization of turf or planted areas. Solutions to this problem have been recommended. Contrary to popular belief, research has shown that bioretention and pervious pavements continue to infiltrate even with frost in the ground. Although issues have been identified with retention of certain pollutants, the LID approach has been found to result in increased retention of stormwater and pollutants on site, mimicking pre-development hydrologic function. Future research needs have also been identified.

https://clear.uconn.edu/projects/tmdl/library/papers/dietz_2007.pdf

Low Impact Development Practices: A Review of Current Research and Recommendations for Future Directions

Low impact development (LID) is a land development strategy for managing stormwater at the source with decentralized micro-scale control measures. Since the emergence of LID practices, they have been successfully used to manage stormwater runoff, improve water quality, and protect the environment. However, discussions still surround the effectiveness of many of these practices, resulting in a reluctance to widely adopt them. This paper highlights evidence in the literature regarding the beneficial uses of LID practices. A discussion of how LID practices are represented in hydrologic/water quality models is also provided using illustrative examples of three computational models developed with algorithms and modules to support widespread adoption of LID practices. Finally, the paper suggests directions for future research opportunities.

/pdf/effectiveness-of-low-impact-development-practices-literature-16f2xk50ju.pdf

Effectiveness of Low Impact Development Practices: Literature Review and Suggestions for Future Research

As urban space continues to expand to accommodate a growing global population, there remains a real need to quantify and qualify the impacts of urban space on natural processes. The expansion of global urban areas has resulted in marked alterations to natural processes, environmental quality and natural resource consumption. The urban landscape influences infiltration and evapotranspiration, complicating our capacity to quantify their dynamics across a heterogeneous landscape at contrasting scales. Impervious surfaces exacerbate runoff processes, whereas runoff from pervious areas remains uncertain owing to variable infiltration dynamics. Increasingly, the link between the natural hydrological cycle and engineered water cycle has been made, realising the contributions from leaky infrastructure to recharge and runoff rates. Urban landscapes are host to a suite of contaminants that impact on water quality, where novel contaminants continue to pose new challenges to monitoring and treatment regimes. This review seeks to assess the major advances and remaining challenges that remain within the growing field of urban hydrology.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02626667.2015.1128084

Impacts of urbanisation on hydrological and water quality dynamics, and urban water management: a review

http://www.jtc.sala.ubc.ca/reports/Review_of_Permeable_Pavement_Systems.pdf

Review of permeable pavement systems

Performance and implementation of low impact development - A review.

https://faculty.washington.edu/dbooth/Brattebo_and_Booth_WR-1216_FINAL.pdf

Long-term stormwater quantity and quality performance of permeable pavement systems.

(2004). Permeable Pavement Update. Journal of the American Planning Association: Vol. 70, No. 1, pp. 98-98.

Permeable Pavement Update

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Long-term stormwater quantity and quality performance of permeable pavement systems.

Permeable Pavement Update