The purpose of a reputation system is to hold the users of a distributed application accountable for their behavior. The reputation of a user is computed as an aggregate of the feedback provided by fellow users in the system. Truthful feedback is clearly a prerequisite for computing a reputation score that accurately represents the behavior of a user. However, it has been observed that users can hesitate in providing truthful feedback, for example, due to the fear of retaliation. Privacy preserving reputation systems enable users to provide feedback in a private and thus uninhibited manner. In this survey, we propose analysis frameworks for privacy preserving reputation systems. We use these analysis frameworks to review and compare the existing systems in the literature. An emphasis is placed on blockchain-based systems as they are a recent significant development in the area. Utilizing blockchain as a building block, privacy preserving reputation systems have been able to provide properties such as trustlessness, transparency, and immutability, which were absent from prior systems. The results of the analysis reveal several insights and directions for future research. These include exploiting blockchain to its full potential to develop truly trustless systems and to implement some important security properties and defenses against common attacks that are so far ignored by a majority of the systems.

https://hal-cnrs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03034994/document

Privacy Preserving Reputation Systems based on Blockchain and other Cryptographic Building Blocks: A Survey

The purpose of a reputation system is to hold the users of a distributed application accountable for their behavior. The reputation of a user is computed as an aggregate of the feedback provided by fellow users in the system. Truthful feedback is clearly a prerequisite for computing a reputation score that accurately represents the behavior of a user. However, it has been observed that users can hesitate in providing truthful feedback because, for example, of fear of retaliation. Privacy-preserving reputation systems enable users to provide feedback in a private and thus uninhibited manner. In this survey, we propose analysis frameworks for privacy-preserving reputation systems. We use these analysis frameworks to review and compare the existing approaches. Emphasis is placed on blockchain-based systems as they are a recent significant development in the area. Blockchain-based privacy-preserving reputation systems have properties, such as trustlessness, transparency, and immutability, which prior systems do not have. Our analysis provides several insights and directions for future research. These include leveraging blockchain to its full potential in order to develop truly trustless systems, to achieve some important security properties, and to include defenses against common attacks that have so far not been addressed by most current systems.

/pdf/privacy-preserving-reputation-systems-based-on-blockchain-3iwga79y.pdf

Privacy-Preserving Reputation Systems Based on Blockchain and Other Cryptographic Building Blocks: A Survey

A proper integration of privacy patterns into a software development process enables development of reliable and privacy-friendly software products. While previous work has identified some loosely connected privacy patterns, there exists no comprehensive privacy pattern catalogue that is specifically designed for the application by software architects during the software development process. To address this gap an interactive online privacy pattern catalogue was developed using patterns obtained from interviews with privacy experts as well as from existing privacy patterns work. The catalogue classifies patterns according to the description of the privacy principles of the international standard ISO/IEC 29100:2011 (E) and is, therefore, internationally applicable.

https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01619742/document

Privacy Pattern Catalogue: A Tool for Integrating Privacy Principles of ISO/IEC 29100 into the Software Development Process

Application development for the cloud is already challenging because of the complexity caused by the ubiquitous, interconnected, and scalable nature of the cloud paradigm. But when modern secure and privacy aware cloud applications require the integration of cryptographic algorithms, developers even need to face additional challenges: An incorrect application may not only lead to a loss of the intended strong security properties but may also open up additional loopholes for potential breaches some time in the near or far future. To avoid these pitfalls and to achieve dependable security and privacy by design, cryptography needs to be systematically designed into the software, and from scratch. We present a system architecture providing a practical abstraction for the many specialists involved in such a development process, plus a suitable cryptographic software development life cycle methodology on top of the architecture. The methodology is complemented with additional tools supporting structured inter--domain communication and thus the generation of consistent results: cloud security and privacy patterns, and modelling of cloud service level agreements. We conclude with an assessment of the use of the Cryptographic Software Design Life Cycle (CryptSDLC) in a EU research project.

CryptSDLC: Embedding Cryptographic Engineering into Secure Software Development Lifecycle

This deliverable provides an overview of recent res earch results of Activity 4 ‘Usability’ of PrimeLif e, where an emphasis is put on those results, which ha ve not been reported in the same detail in other HCI-related PrimeLife deliverables yet. The first part reports about our results in the are a of User Interface (UI) Representation of Privacyenhancing Identity Management Concepts and presents research on PET methodologies, mental models for anonymous credentials and the results fr om the final round of end-user evaluations of the U I prototypes developed during the PrimeLife project. The second part reports about our work in the area of usable privacy policies and presents the final r esults of Activity 4’s research on policy icons and on a user -friendly management and display of PPL (PrimeLife Policy Language) policies.

Final HCI Research Report

One of the core activities in PrimeLife is the desi gn and implementation of privacy-enhancing identity management systems and applications that a re usable. Therefore it is one of the goals of PrimeLife Activity 4 to create an extensive HCI (Hu man Computer Interaction) pattern collection to provide guidelines on how to design usable user interfaces for privacy-enhancing systems and applications. The HCI Pattern Collection ‐ Version 2 presented in this Deliverable provides HCI patterns developed within the first two project yea rs, which should guide all PrimeLife activities that are developing user interfaces. The HCI patter ns are structured into patterns related to privacy policies management and display, patterns for the v isualisation of privacy information, patterns related to workflows and interaction paradigms as w ell as descriptions of interactive PET mockups.

/pdf/hci-pattern-collection-version-2-5c24fi4n4j.pdf

HCI Pattern Collection - Version 2

Wikis are popular tools for creation and sharing of content. Integrated reputation systems allow to assess expertise and reliability of authors and thus to support trust in the wiki content. Yet, results from our empirical study indicate that the disclosure of user reputation evokes privacy issues. As a solution for this conflict between the need to evaluate trustworthiness of users and protecting their privacy, we present a privacy-respecting reputation system for wikis that we realized as OpenSource-Extension for the wiki software MediaWiki.

/pdf/privacy-respecting-reputation-for-wiki-users-4sk6vjdpod.pdf

Privacy-Respecting Reputation for Wiki Users

Privacy protection tools can be characterised by the number of parties that have to cooperate so that the tools work and achieve the desired effect [Pfi01]: Some privacy protection tools can be used stand-alone, without the need for the cooperation of other parties. Others require that the communication partners use the same tools. Some tools only function when being supported by an appropriate infrastructure that quite often is currently not in place.

Open Source Contributions

Web applications dealing with personal data in a privacy- friendly way have the need for anonymous credential systems. While there are already protocols describing anonymous credential systems and libraries, implementing the protocols, application using the libraries are rare. Without applications supporting anonymous credentials, companies will not start building a credential infrastructure and vice versa. This paper presents an easy way to issue and use anonymous credentials for web applications. By reducing the initial cost for both parties, the barrier of "starting first" can be lowered.

/pdf/anonymous-credentials-in-web-applications-a-child-s-play-3gnvnc9f1o.pdf

Anonymous Credentials in Web Applications A Child's Play with the PRIME Core

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