An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes.

This review analyzes the literature of bone grafts and introduces tissue engineering as a strategy in this field of orthopedic surgery. We evaluated articles concerning bone grafts; analyzed characteristics, advantages, and limitations of the grafts; and provided explanations about bone-tissue engineering technologies. Many bone grafting materials are available to enhance bone healing and regeneration, from bone autografts to graft substitutes; they can be used alone or in combination. Autografts are the gold standard for this purpose, since they provide osteogenic cells, osteoinductive growth factors, and an osteoconductive scaffold, all essential for new bone growth. Autografts carry the limitations of morbidity at the harvesting site and limited availability. Allografts and xenografts carry the risk of disease transmission and rejection. Tissue engineering is a new and developing option that had been introduced to reduce limitations of bone grafts and improve the healing processes of the bone fractures and defects. The combined use of scaffolds, healing promoting factors, together with gene therapy, and, more recently, three-dimensional printing of tissue-engineered constructs may open new insights in the near future.

/pdf/bone-regenerative-medicine-classic-options-novel-strategies-3fz7aanv1p.pdf

Bone regenerative medicine: classic options, novel strategies, and future directions

Articular cartilage was predicted to be one of the first tissues to successfully be regenerated, but this proved incorrect In contrast, bone (but also vasculature and cardiac tissues) has seen numerous successful reparative approaches, despite consisting of multiple cell and tissue types and, thus, possessing more complex design requirements Here, we use bone-regeneration successes to highlight cartilage-regeneration challenges: such as selecting appropriate cell sources and scaffolds, creating biomechanically suitable tissues, and integrating to native tissue We also discuss technologies that can address the hurdles of engineering a tissue possessing mechanical properties that are unmatched in human-made materials and functioning in environments unfavorable to neotissue growth

/pdf/unlike-bone-cartilage-regeneration-remains-elusive-1v15bd07dw.pdf

Unlike Bone, Cartilage Regeneration Remains Elusive

Advancing biomaterials of human origin for tissue engineering

The knee meniscus: structure-function, pathophysiology, current repair techniques, and prospects for regeneration.

Cartilage has a poor intrinsic healing response, and neither the innate healing response nor current clinical treatments can restore its function. Therefore, articular cartilage tissue engineering is a promising approach for the regeneration of damaged tissue. Because cartilage is exposed to mechanical forces during joint loading, many tissue engineering strategies use exogenous stimuli to enhance the biochemical or biomechanical properties of the engineered tissue. Hydrostatic pressure (HP) is emerging as arguably one of the most important mechanical stimuli for cartilage, although no optimal treatment has been established across all culture systems. Therefore, this review evaluates prior studies on articular cartilage involving the use of HP, with a particular emphasis on the treatments that appear promising for use in future studies. Additionally, this review addresses HP bioreactor design, chondroprotective effects of HP, the use of HP for chondrogenic differentiation, the effects of high pressures, and HP mechanotransduction.

Hydrostatic Pressure in Articular Cartilage Tissue Engineering: From Chondrocytes to Tissue Regeneration

Methods for fabricating a tissue-engineered construct comprising: providing a tissue-engineered construct, wherein the tissue-engineered construct is derived from a xenogenic source; and decellularizing the tissue-engineered construct.

Decellularization method for scaffoldless tissue engineered articular cartilage or native cartilage tissue

Tissue engineering has been widely explored as an option for regeneration of various musculoskeletal tissues. This chapter examines the tissue engineering paradigm, or approach, with a focus on its application to cartilage tissue engineering. Since understanding the tissue engineering approach will require an understanding of cartilage physiology, a brief review of cartilage structure and function is provided. A discussion of current studies of the four parameters of the paradigm, namely scaffolds, cell sources, bioactive agents and bioreactors is presented, along with the latest technologies that incorporate manipulation of several parameters in a single approach.

Paradigms of Tissue Engineering with Applications to Cartilage Regeneration

Compositions and methods for fabricating a tissue-engineered cartilage construct comprising: providing a cell sample comprising a plurality of chondrocytes; culturing the cell sample to produce a tissue-engineered cartilage construct; and treating the tissue-engineered cartilage construct, wherein treating the tissue-engineered cartilage construct comprises the use of a biochemical reagent, a mechanical force, hydrostatic pressure, or any combination thereof.

Methods of fabricating enhanced tissue-engineered cartilage

It has previously been demonstrated that hydrostatic pressure (HP) enhances the biochemical properties of self-assembled articular cartilage constructs [1]. However, studies that systematically assess the effects of HP magnitude and frequency are lacking. Additionally, studies examining the combined effects of hydrostatic pressure and growth factors are limited. To this end, this study sought to test the hypotheses that static HP will have the greatest enhancement of construct biomechanical and biochemical properties, and that there will be additive or synergistic effects when combining growth factors and HP stimulation.Copyright © 2008 by ASME

Synergistic and additive effects of hydrostatic pressure and growth factor application on engineered articular cartilage constructs

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