Simulation and control of thermally activated building systems (TABS)

This study investigates the natural ventilation provisions of residential buildings in the hot-humid climate of Putrajaya as well as the occupants’ utilization and overall satisfaction of these provisions. Five terrace house design types were selected for the study and natural ventilation (NV) provisions were identified through acquired building documents. Computer simulations were carried out on all house types to determine the ventilation rates delivered by the NV provisions. Furthermore, a total of 298 households from the selected house types were surveyed. Two house types were found not to comply with the Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) governing NV provisions in Malaysia and those house types that complied were found to exhibit higher ventilation rates. Occupants’ level of satisfaction when utilising NV was found to be significantly related to opening sizes complying with UBBL, longer duration of opening windows, and occupants’ means of achieving comfort. This paper informs designers on the importance of complying with the required law governing NV in residential buildings. It also highlights the need for a strict effective enforcement of UBBL compliance for the purpose of building approvals.

/pdf/evaluating-natural-ventilation-provisions-and-occupants-21q80uc33l.pdf

Evaluating natural ventilation provisions and occupants’ ventilation behavior in five terrace housing types in putrajaya, malaysia

The provision of housing in rural areas has been identified as crucial for the long term sustainability of rural communities. However, there are questions about how rural developers are responding to legislative requirements to reduce carbon emissions, whether the fulfilment of a need for affordable housing in rural areas can be reconciled with higher energy performance and whether higher energy performance will affect thermal comfort when climate change is taken into account. To understand these issues a review of published and monitored case studies in rural areas of the UK was undertaken which highlighted a number of development models that might be applied by house builders in the Welsh context. An analysis of two exemplar projects in Pembroke Dock, West Wales, examined the following: the social, economic and legislative context of rural development; the significance of energy and carbon used to construct rural houses; and the quantity of energy required to keep rural dwellings at a comfortable temperature in a typical year. Dynamic thermal modelling was then used to investigate a number of design approaches highlighted in the earlier studies as significant including: increasing thermal mass; increasing south facing glazing; adjusting building form and the layout of the site; and higher levels of insulation. The application of these approaches on a housing scheme in West Wales established the benefits of incorporating thermal mass into the building fabric, maintaining a compact form and, where reasonable, using passive solar gain, to reduce heating load. This study identified that these approaches, if carefully combined, could achieve significant (i.e. 16.4%-29.8%) reductions in heating load without compromising the affordability of the original scheme. However, the study also identified that one possible consequence of improving the energy performance would be a reduction in thermal comfort as a result of higher internal temperatures. To gain a better understanding of this further modelling examined the potential for overheating using the following: current and future climate files; an algorithm based on window opening behaviour; detailed simulation of airflow; and bivariate data analysis techniques. The results from this study identified that thermal mass and ventilation techniques could be employed to address the issues of overheating.

An examination of development models for innovative, low carbon, ecological dwellings for rural areas of Wales

Due to the high risk of global warming from the increased level of energy consumption, energy sustainability is increasingly practised around the world especially in the residential sector. Attempts to save energy in hot-humid climates however, are mainly through improved mechanical cooling. Consequently, residential buildings are built to be air tight and they are provided with insufficient opening areas for natural ventilation which in turn, results in the deterioration of indoor air quality (IAQ). Previous studies on IAQ with respect to ventilation rates are mostly on indoor concentrations of contaminants and various diseases associated with them. Detailed studies on openings and their impact on delivered ventilation rates are still limited, particularly in hot-humid climates. This study investigates natural ventilation provisions in different house design types in Putrajaya, Malaysia with respect to the Uniform Building By-Law (UBBL) governing them. Five terrace house design types were selected, of which two were found to be non-compliant with UBBL 10% window area requirement. Simulations were conducted using the Integrated Environment Solution (IES〈VE〉) software and the results reveal that house types complying with the UBBL requirements exhibit higher ventilation rates and a longer duration of leaving windows open is found to improve ventilation rates. This paper informs regulatory stakeholders, designers and clients of the residential building sector of the impact of open designs on occupants' health and the importance of UBBL compliance and enforcement. This study further emphasises the need for occupants to increase the duration of leaving windows open and to embrace night ventilation as a means of improving natural ventilation in their homes.

Natural Ventilation Provisions in Terraced-House Designs in Hot-Humid Climates: Case of Putrajaya, Malaysia

Contemporary and future standards on energy efficiency of buildings impose new requirements on space heating technologies. One promising technology is hydronic radiant heating systems (RHS). However, complexity in design and operation often makes RHS less competitive to traditional heating systems. Proper design procedures and control strategies should be developed to make RHS an economic solution for the future. In this study a RHS installed at the Green Energy Laboratory (GEL) at the Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) is analyzed with the use of the simulation tool TRNSYS. A simulation model is built and validated against measurements. The goal is to analyze the performance of the installed RHS for Chinese apartments in a Shanghai climate, with a focus on energy efficiency. Results show that the installed RHS can supply the entire heat load for a typical building in Shanghai. It is shown that for colder climates, a certain level of insulation is required, as the floor has a maximum heat output of about 50 W/m2 at a supply temperature of 45°C. On/off thermostat control of the flow to each zone is confirmed to be sufficient. A stable heat pump operation is achieved with a storage tank, as cycling time is increased. Simulations of fan coil units (FCU) as an alternative heat emitting system (HES) show that total heat demand is reduced by 11 %. However, the heat pump performance is reduced due to higher supply temperatures, and the total electricity consumptions for the two systems are similar. RHS is affirmed as a good solution for Chinese residential buildings, but a more detailed analysis of thermal comfort and costs should be conducted to further assess its market competitiveness.

Analysis of the radiant heating and cooling System in the Green Energy Laboratory

Low temperature heating and high temperature cooling systems such as thermally activated building systems (TABS) offer the chance to use low exergy sources, which can be very beneficial financially as well as ecologically when using renewable energy sources. The above has led to a considerable increase of water based radiant systems in modern buildings and a need for reliable simulation tools to predict the indoor environment and energy performance. This paper describes the comparison of the building simulation tools IDA ICE, IES , EnergyPlus and TRNSYS. The simulation tools are compared to each other using the same room and boundary conditions. The results show significant differences in predicted room temperatures, heating and cooling degree hours as well as thermal comfort in winter and summer.

A system for the comparison of tools for the simulation of water-based radiant heating and cooling systems

Thermally activated building systems (TABS) provide high temperature cooling and low temperature heating which has a better efficiency compared to traditional heating and cooling solutions. Additionally the moderate required temperature levels for heating and cooling create the opportunity to use alternative (sustainable) energy sources that would otherwise be insufficient. The design of TABS is however challenging and most often requires a complete simulation of the building. The standard ISO 11855-4 (2011) suggests a simplified sizing method for TABS. The results however omit condensation risk entirely. The proposed climate classification should fill this gap by providing the missing data in a simple manner.

/pdf/climate-classification-for-the-simulation-of-thermally-4ym0kwtgc1.pdf

Climate classification for the simulation of thermally activated building systems (tabs)

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A system for the comparison of tools for the simulation of water-based radiant heating and cooling systems

Climate classification for the simulation of thermally activated building systems (tabs)