Intracellular redox homeostasis provides broad implications in physiological and pathological fields. The disruption of redox homeostasis is closely associated with some human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and gastrointestinal diseases.1-6 Therefore, cells possess an elaborate regulation system to maintain their redox balance and the large or significant redox state changes can be buffered by the redox-active molecules.7,8 These molecules experience interreaction and interconversion to facilitate the dynamic balance of intracellular redox state, among which three types of representative molecules should be mentioned, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and reactive sulfur species (RSS).

Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes for Imaging and Detection of Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Species in Biological Systems

ConspectusHypochlorous acid/hypochlorite (HOCl/OCl–), one of the most important reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays vital roles in various physiological and pathological processes. At normal conce...

Design Principles, Sensing Mechanisms, and Applications of Highly Specific Fluorescent Probes for HOCl/OCl.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a well-known universal disinfectant in clinical practice, plays important roles in immune systems of animal and human bodies. For understanding the roles of HOCl in living systems, a number of approaches, including chemiluminescence, colorimetric, electrochemical and chromatographic methods have been explored. For the detection of HOCl in live organisms, cutting-edge techniques, such as fluorescence/phosphorescence molecular probes, responsive nanoprobes, Raman and activatable photoacoustic sensors, have also been developed recently. In this review, the recent advances in the development of bioanalytical methods for detection of HOCl in environmental and biological specimens were summarized. More specifically, traditional techniques for assay of HOCl in bulk solution were initially discussed, and then fluorescence molecular probes, phosphorescence probes, responsive nanoprobes and other methods for HOCl detection were reviewed, which gives an overview of the developments and applications in bioanalytical methods for HOCl detection.

https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:709732/UQ709732_OA.pdf

Bioanalytical methods for hypochlorous acid detection: recent advances and challenges

As one kind of redox active layered transition-metal dioxide nanomaterials, single-layer manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanosheets have gained significant research attention in the fields of biosensing and biomedicine because of their large surface area, intense and broad optical absorption, strong oxidation ability, catalytic activity, and robust mechanical properties. This review provides a brief overview of the recent advances in the development of MnO2 nanosheet-based biosensors, bioimaging as well as drug delivery for cancer therapy. The methodologies for the preparation of MnO2 nanosheets are summarized, followed by an introduction of the nanostructure and properties of MnO2 nanosheets. Special attention is paid to their applications in biosensing, bioimaging and cancer therapy. Future perspectives and the challenges of high-performance MnO2 nanosheets are also discussed.

Recent advances in functionalized MnO2 nanosheets for biosensing and biomedicine applications

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), as one of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays an important role in the destruction of pathogens in the immune system However, abnormal concentration of biogenic HOCl can also damage host tissues, and it has been shown to be associated with many diseases Accordingly, detection of HOCl at the subcellular level is important for understanding inflammation and cellular apoptosis Toward this end, in the past few years, a wide variety of fluorescent HOCl probes have been engineered and applied for imaging of HOCl in subcellular organelles In this review, we highlight the representative cases of the fluorescent HOCl probes with mitochondria and lysosome-targetable ability The discussion includes their design strategies, sensing mechanisms, and applications in bio-imaging of HOCl in mitochondria and lysosomes

Mitochondria and lysosome-targetable fluorescent probes for HOCl: recent advances and perspectives

A dinuclear ruthenium(II) complex Ruazo was designed and synthesized, in which oxidative cyclization of the azo and o-amino group was employed for the detection of hypochlorous acid (HClO) in aqueous solution. The non-emissive Ruazo formed highly luminescent triazole-ruthenium(II) complex in presence of HClO and successfully imaged HClO in living cell and living mouse.

/pdf/a-dinuclear-ruthenium-ii-complex-as-turn-on-luminescent-4q6cwnsm8q.pdf

A dinuclear ruthenium(II) complex as turn-on luminescent probe for hypochlorous acid and its application for in vivo imaging.

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae (MO) is main responsible for pleuropneumonia in sheep. The disease is spreading in the world, and has caused great suffering and losses to the sheep husbandry. Current methodologies for detecting and identifying MO are somehow time consuming, complicated, expensive. Herein, a powerful biosensing platform for effective MO detection has been explored based on manganese dioxide (MnO2) microsphere absorbing Cy5 labeled single strand DNA (Cy5-ssDNA) probe, in which different base number of the complementary of MO conserved sequence was employed. The results demonstrated that the fluorescence enhancement exhibited a good linear relationship with MO plasmid added over a concentration range of 102–106 copies/μL, with the detection limit of 1.042 copies/μL. This biosensing platform has been finally employed as the feasible probe for MO plasmid and detection with good reproducibility and stability, which exhibited a good performance to discriminate perfect complementary target MO and the base mismatched DNA sequence, illustrated that using MnO2 microsphere absorbing Cy5-ssDNA probe as biosensor can detect MO in simple, rapid, economical, selective and sensitive way, and showed significantly potential in more extensive biochemical application.

MnO2 microsphere absorbing Cy5-labeled single strand DNA probe serving as powerful biosensor for effective detection of mycoplasma ovipneumoniae

A water soluble fluorescent probe WCN was successfully designed and synthesized based on acenaphthenequinone. It can be employed for double-mode detection of HClO by the naked eye and concurrent significant fluorescence increasing in absolute PBS. The detection limit was measured down to 77 pM. Especially important, WCN works well in both living cells and a living mouse.

Double-mode detection of HClO by naked eye and concurrent fluorescence increasing in absolute PBS

HEPES is not suitable for fluorescence detection of HClO: a novel probe for HClO in absolute PBS

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A dinuclear ruthenium(II) complex as turn-on luminescent probe for hypochlorous acid and its application for in vivo imaging.

MnO2 microsphere absorbing Cy5-labeled single strand DNA probe serving as powerful biosensor for effective detection of mycoplasma ovipneumoniae

Double-mode detection of HClO by naked eye and concurrent fluorescence increasing in absolute PBS

HEPES is not suitable for fluorescence detection of HClO: a novel probe for HClO in absolute PBS