How we Think

We conceptualize Digital Design Marginalization (DDM) as the process in which a digital interface design excludes certain users and contributes to marginalization in other areas of their lives. Due to non-inclusive designs, many underrepresented users face barriers in accessing essential services that are moving increasingly, sometimes exclusively, online – services such as personal finance, healthcare, social connectivity, and shopping. This can further perpetuate the “digital divide,” a technology-based form of social inequality that has offline consequences. We introduce the term Marginalizing Design to describe designs that contribute to DDM. In this paper, we focus on the impact of Marginalizing Design on older adults through examples from our research and discussions of services that may have marginalizing designs for older adults. Our aim is to provide a conceptual lens for designers, service providers, and policy makers through which they can use to purposely lessen or avoid digitally marginalizing groups of users.

Digital Design Marginalization: New Perspectives on Designing Inclusive Interfaces

Autonomous, intelligent virtual agents (IVAs) are increasingly used commercially in essential information spaces such as healthcare. Existing IVA research has focused on microscale interaction patt...

An empirically grounded sociotechnical perspective on designing virtual agents for older adults

When living apart, grandparents and grandchildren often use audio-visual communication approaches to stay connected. However, these approaches seldom provide sufficient companionship and intimacy due to a lack of co-presence and spatial interaction, which can be fulfilled by immersive virtual reality (VR). To understand how grandparents and grandchildren might leverage VR to facilitate their remote communication and better inform future design, we conducted a user-centered participatory design study with twelve pairs of grandparents and grandchildren. Results show that VR affords casual and equal communication by reducing the generational gap, and promotes conversation by offering shared activities as bridges for connection. Participants preferred resemblant appearances on avatars for conveying well-being but created ideal selves for gaining playfulness. Based on the results, we contribute eight design implications that inform future VR-based grandparent-grandchild communications.

pdf/bridging-the-generational-gap-exploring-how-virtual-reality-5gkjk2ce.pdf

Bridging the Generational Gap: Exploring How Virtual Reality Supports Remote Communication Between Grandparents and Grandchildren

The rapid proliferation of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) has resulted in many-fold increase in sharing the global classrooms through customized online platforms, where a student can participate in the classes through her personal devices, such as personal computers, smartphones, tablets, etc However, in the absence of direct interactions with the students during the delivery of the lectures, it becomes difficult to judge their involvements in the classroom In academics, the degree of student's attention can indicate whether a course is efficacious in terms of clarity and information An automated feedback can hence be generated to enhance the utility of the course The precision of discernment in the context of human attention is a subject of surveillance However, visual patterns indicating the magnitude of concentration can be deciphered by analyzing the visual emphasis and the way an individual visually gesticulates, while contemplating the object of interest In this paper, we develop a methodology called Gestsatten which captures the learner's attentiveness from his visual gesture patterns In this approach, the learner's visual gestures are tracked along with the region of focus We consider two aspects in this approach -- first, we do not transfer learner's video outside her device, so we apply in-device computing to protect her privacy; second, considering the fact that a majority of the learners use handheld devices like smartphones to observe the MOOC videos, we develop a lightweight approach for in-device computation A three level estimation of learner's attention is performed based on these information We have implemented and tested Gestatten over 48 participants from different age groups, and we observe that the proposed technique can capture the attention level of a learner with high accuracy (average absolute error rate is 868%), which meets her ability to learn a topic as measured through a set of cognitive tests

Gestatten: Estimation of User's Attention in Mobile MOOCs From Eye Gaze and Gaze Gesture Tracking

Older adults (65+) are at increasing risk of being ‘digitally marginalized’ due to lower tech savviness, social isolation, and few peers who can provide the needed input. As a consequence, some seniors have difficulties and are exposed to security risks when accessing essential services which are increasingly moving online. These include making critical life decisions, understanding health information, accessing health services, staying connected to families, or simply doing online shopping. This chapter investigates how online technologies can be designed to be inclusive of older adults’ needs, abilities, and contexts. Several barriers barring technology adoption include mental models; attitudes related to critical decision making; privacy concerns; and overall cyber-safety concerns preventing seniors from engaging with such resources online. We also propose ways to help the FinTech sector incorporate new approaches so that services and applications better serve the needs and constraints of older adults.

/pdf/designing-for-older-adults-overcoming-barriers-to-a-45f58yikf1.pdf

Designing for Older Adults: Overcoming Barriers to a Supportive, Safe, and Healthy Retirement

Personal pictures storage is currently split between a myriad of physical and digital tools. Cloud photo storage and social networks are seeing increasing adoption, and are being recommended to families (especially older generations) as digital pictures solutions. The ubiquity of these platforms raises the question of whether the design of their photo-based operations consider the mental models of their cross-generational users. Understanding mental models is a key factor for the usability (and adoption) of these technologies. Previous works have observed that perceptions of digital storage limit adoption, especially for older users. However, we do not yet understand users' mental models of these applications. This impedes efforts to design applications better matching diverse user needs. We present here a cross-generational investigation of users' mental models of ubiquitous picture technologies, including cloud storage and social sharing. We find that mental models are split (both between generations and domains), contributing to lower adoption by older adults. Our analysis reveals that digital tools need to understand their roots in physical pictures and bridge this divide by including physical concepts as an aspect of use, if we are to support cross-generational interactions with personal and family pictures.

Back to Real Pictures: A Cross-generational Understanding of Users' Mental Models of Photo Cloud Storage

The timeless social activity of passing down oral stories preserves family memory, identity, values, and culture. Existing tools for family memories often take a techno-determinist approach by focusing on the mechanics of connecting families and the resulting documentation, rather than the social process of sharing stories and morals, and largely without considering the specific needs of immigrant families. For immigrant families, cultural exchange, particularly crucial across grandparent and grandchild generations, is threatened by the language and cultural barriers emerging from displacement and migration. As a result, immigrant grandparents and their young grandchildren struggle with fostering social kinship, leading to social disconnect and loss of cultural heritage. In our research, we collaborate with multi-generational and culturally-at-risk immigrant families through Participatory Design activities towards the design of reminiscence tools that support their needs focusing on language and cultural connection. We report on the designs created by families and propose design guidelines supporting cultural resilience, focusing on flexible, visual storytelling.

"With a hint she will remember": Collaborative Storytelling and Culture Sharing between Immigrant Grandparents and Grandchildren Via Magic Thing Designs

Mobile technologies have made family photo collections extremely portable. People can now carry all their pictures with them wherever they go and show them to others in any setting with smartphones or tablets. However, current options for portable photo viewing are not intended for in-person sharing and reminiscence. Frame of Mind presents a new way to interact with digital pictures on a touch screen that encourages storytelling through its free-flowing interaction using the metaphor of looking at pictures on a table top. This allows family reminiscence to be lightweight, portable, and more accessible by supporting photo viewing on tablets that can have access to complete picture collections. So Frame of Mind moves towards digital tools that support our current photo viewing and sharing activities.

Using frame of mind: documenting reminiscence through unstructured digital picture interaction

Playing remote tabletop games is a fun way to connect with distant friends. Yet most systems for remote tabletop gaming lack support for tangible and social interaction, two important aspects of gameplay for most players. We are interested in how to better design systems for remote tangible gameplay that support social connection. We investigate this topic through the design and evaluation of a prototype system for playing the board game Wavelength across two locations. First, we describe the design goals that informed our prototype: “Remote Wavelength”. Then, we discuss the results of a qualitative user study in which ten friend groups played Remote Wavelength. Our findings indicate that a synchronized, tangible gameboard benefits player engagement, communication, and awareness. Our results also illustrate the value of integration across communication and gameplay systems. We conclude by offering considerations for the design of both digital and remote tangible gameplay systems.

Remote Wavelength: Design and Evaluation of a System for Social Connectedness Through Distributed Tabletop Gameplay

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