Type 2 diabetes is a worldwide increasing disease resulting from the interaction between a subject’s genetic makeup and lifestyle. In genetically predisposed subjects, the combination of excess caloric intake and reduced physical activity induces a state of insulin resistance. When beta cells are no longer able to compensate for insulin resistance by adequately increasing insulin production, impaired glucose tolerance appears, characterized by excessive postprandial hyperglycemia. Impaired glucose tolerance may evolve into overt diabetes. These 3 conditions, ie, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and overt diabetes, are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Because all these conditions are also accompanied by the presence of an oxidative stress, this article proposes oxidative stress as the pathogenic mechanism linking insulin resistance with dysfunction of both beta cells and endothelium, eventually leading to overt diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This hypothesis,...

Is Oxidative Stress the Pathogenic Mechanism Underlying Insulin Resistance, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease? The Common Soil Hypothesis Revisited

Inflammation in Glaucoma: From the back to the front of the eye, and beyond.

Chronic glaucoma is a multifactorial disease among which oxidative stress may play a major pathophysiological role. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the levels of oxidative and antioxidative stress markers in chronic glaucoma compared with a control group. The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Science Direct databases were searched for studies reporting oxidative and antioxidative stress markers in chronic glaucoma and in healthy controls using the following keywords: “oxidative stress” or “oxidant stress” or “nitrative stress” or “oxidative damage” or “nitrative damage” or “antioxidative stress” or “antioxidant stress” or “antinitrative stress” and “glaucoma”. We stratified our meta-analysis on the type of biomarkers, the type of glaucoma, and the origin of the sample (serum or aqueous humor). We included 22 case-control studies with a total of 2913 patients: 1614 with glaucoma and 1319 healthy controls. We included 12 studies in the meta-analysis on oxidative stress markers and 19 on antioxidative stress markers. We demonstrated an overall increase in oxidative stress markers in glaucoma (effect size = 1.64; 95%CI 1.20–2.09), ranging from an effect size of 1.29 in serum (95%CI 0.84–1.74) to 2.62 in aqueous humor (95%CI 1.60–3.65). Despite a decrease in antioxidative stress marker in serum (effect size = –0.41; 95%CI –0.72 to –0.11), some increased in aqueous humor (superoxide dismutase, effect size = 3.53; 95%CI 1.20–5.85 and glutathione peroxidase, effect size = 6.60; 95%CI 3.88–9.31). The differences in the serum levels of oxidative stress markers between glaucoma patients and controls were significantly higher in primary open angle glaucoma vs primary angle closed glaucoma (effect size = 12.7; 95%CI 8.78–16.6, P < 0.001), and higher in pseudo-exfoliative glaucoma vs primary angle closed glaucoma (effect size = 12.2; 95%CI 8.96–15.5, P < 0.001). In conclusion, oxidative stress increased in glaucoma, both in serum and aqueous humor. Malonyldialdehyde seemed the best biomarkers of oxidative stress in serum. The increase of some antioxidant markers could be a protective response of the eye against oxidative stress.

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Oxidative and Anti-Oxidative Stress Markers in Chronic Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Significance: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ACVDs) continue to be a primary cause of mortality worldwide in adults aged 35-70 years, occurring more often in countries with lower economic development, and they constitute an ever-growing global burden that has a considerable socioeconomic impact on society. The ACVDs encompass diverse pathologies such as coronary artery disease and heart failure (HF), among others. Recent Advances: It is known that oxidative stress plays a relevant role in ACVDs and some of its effects are mediated by lipid oxidation. In particular, lipid peroxidation (LPO) is a process under which oxidants such as reactive oxygen species attack unsaturated lipids, generating a wide array of oxidation products. These molecules can interact with circulating lipoproteins, to diffuse inside the cell and even to cross biological membranes, modifying target nucleophilic sites within biomolecules such as DNA, lipids, and proteins, and resulting in a plethora of biological effects. Critical Issues: This review summarizes the evidence of the effect of LPO in the development and progression of atherosclerosis-based diseases, HF, and other cardiovascular diseases, highlighting the role of protein adduct formation. Moreover, potential therapeutic strategies targeted at lipoxidation in ACVDs are also discussed. Future Directions: The identification of valid biomarkers for the detection of lipoxidation products and adducts may provide insights into the improvement of the cardiovascular risk stratification of patients and the development of therapeutic strategies against the oxidative effects that can then be applied within a clinical setting.

Lipid Peroxidation in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases.

Glaucoma is a blinding optic neuropathy, the main risk factor for which is increased intraocular pressure (IOP) The trabecular meshwork, located within the iridocorneal angle, is the main pathway for drainage of aqueous humor (AH) out of the eye, and its dysfunction is responsible for the IOP elevation The trabecular meshwork is a complex, fenestrated, three-dimensional structure composed of trabecular meshwork cells (TMC) interdigitated into a multilayered organization within the extracellular matrix (ECM) The purpose of this literature review is to provide an overview of current understanding of the trabecular meshwork and its pathophysiology in glaucoma Thus, we will present the main anatomical and cellular bases for the regulation of aqueous humor outflow resistance, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in trabecular dysfunction in the various types of glaucoma, as well as current and future therapeutic strategies targeting the trabecular meshwork

/pdf/the-trabecular-meshwork-structure-function-and-clinical-3tyybypxdw.pdf

The trabecular meshwork: Structure, function and clinical implications. A review of the literature.

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most important risk factor. High IOP usually occurs as a result of an increase in aqueous humor outflow resistance at the trabecular meshwork (TM). An abnormal TM contributes to the development of glaucoma. Oxidative stress and vascular damage are considered two major cellular factors that lead to alterations in the TM. In this review, we discuss the findings related to oxidative damage to the TM, including the sources of oxidative stress in the TM such as the mitochondria, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, membrane, cytosol and exogenous factors. We also discuss antioxidants and clinical studies related to protection against oxidative stress in the TM. Although many questions remain unanswered, it is becoming increasingly clear that oxidative stress-induced damage to the TM is related to glaucoma. This may inspire new studies to find better and more stable antioxidants, and better models with which to elucidate the mechanisms involved, and to determine whether in vitro findings translate into in vivo observations. The regulation of the oxidative/redox balance may be the ultimate target for protecting the TM from oxidative stress and preventing glaucoma.

/pdf/oxidative-stress-in-the-trabecular-meshwork-review-1iifjzfx27.pdf

Oxidative stress in the trabecular meshwork (Review)

Oxidative stress-induced dysfunction in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells is considered a major alteration that can lead to glaucoma. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the most widely used agent for inducing oxidation in TM cells in vitro. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is an important method for studying alterations in gene expression, and suitable (i.e. invariant) reference genes must be defined to normalize expression levels. In this study, eight common reference genes, i.e. PRS18, ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, PPIA, HPRT1, YWHAZ, and TBP, were evaluated for use in studies of H2O2-induced dysfunction in TM cells. Three established algorithms, geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper, were used to analyze the reference genes. ACTB expression was least affected by H2O2 treatment in TM cells, and the combination of PPIA and HPRT1 was the most suitable gene pair for normalization. GAPDH and TBP were the most unstable genes and accordingly should be avoided in experiments with TM cells. These results provide a foundation for analyses of the mechanisms underlying glaucoma, and emphasize the importance of selecting suitable reference genes for qPCR studies.

Selection of suitable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in trabecular meshwork cells under oxidative stress.

The invention discloses an eye drop, belonging to the technical field of medicines. The eye drop is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 8-12 parts of honeysuckles, 6-10 parts of plumula nelumbinis, 8-12 parts of semen cassia, 5-10 parts of radix rehmanniae preparata, 3-6 parts of periostracum cicadae, 3-6 parts of borneol flakes, 3-6 parts of radix glycyrrhizae preparata, 8-12 parts of Houttuynia cordata and 8-12 parts of rhizoma anemarrhenae. The eye drop has the efficacies of clearing away heat and purging pathogenic fire and effectively reliving uncomfortable symptoms of eye fatigue and eliminating aningeresting, inflammation and itching of eyes and blurred vision; and the selected medicines are properly compatible, so that the eye drop has a remarkable treatment effect and is high in safety, and a dependency syndrome is not generated after long-term use of the eye drop.

Eye drop and preparation method thereof

The invention discloses a traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating conjunctivitis, and belongs to the technical field of medicines. The traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating conjunctivitis is prepared from, by weight, 8-12 parts of physalis alkekengi, 6-10 parts of butterflybush flower, 8-12 parts of semen cassia, 5-10 parts of radix rehmanniae praeparata, 3-6 parts of periostracum cicada, 3-6 parts of borneol flake, 3-6 parts of honey-fried licorice root, 3-6 parts of flos eriocauli, 8-12 parts of rhizoma anemarrhenae, 3-6 parts of radix angelicae, and 3-6 parts of betel nut. The traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating conjunctivitis can clear heat-fire, effectively relieve eyes fatigue, eliminate discomfort symptoms such as dryness and swelling, eye itching, blurred vision; the selected herbal materials are compatible, and the treatment effect is significant, and the safety is high; the dependency syndrome is not generated after the long-time use.

Traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating conjunctivitis and preparation method thereof

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Oxidative stress in the trabecular meshwork (Review)

Selection of suitable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in trabecular meshwork cells under oxidative stress.

Eye drop and preparation method thereof

Traditional Chinese medicine composition for treating conjunctivitis and preparation method thereof