Sensors and imaging for wound healing: a review.

Porous silicon has been established as an excellent sensing platform for the optical detection of hazardous chemicals and biomolecular interactions such as DNA hybridization, antigen/antibody binding, and enzymatic reactions. Its porous nature provides a high surface area within a small volume, which can be easily controlled by changing the pore sizes. As the porosity and consequently the refractive index of an etched porous silicon layer depends on the electrochemial etching conditions photonic crystals composed of multilayered porous silicon films with well-resolved and narrow optical reflectivity features can easily be obtained. The prominent optical response of the photonic crystal decreases the detection limit and therefore increases the sensitivity of porous silicon sensors in comparison to sensors utilizing Fabry-Perot based optical transduction. Development of porous silicon photonic crystal sensors which allow for the detection of analytes by the naked eye using a simple color change or the fabrication of stacked porous silicon photonic crystals showing two distinct optical features which can be utilized for the discrimination of analytes emphasize its high application potential.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/13/4/4694/pdf

Photonic Crystal Sensors Based on Porous Silicon

The compatibility of hepatocytes with chemically modified porous silicon with reference to in vitro biosensors.

This review provides a perspective on porous silicon (pSi)–based nanomaterials including nanoparticles, nanowires, and thin films, that are currently being used in advanced therapy, imaging, and sensing, with a focus on their effective use in future clinical settings. The achievement of both controlled geometry and architecture, and surface chemistry motifs, are presented as the two key parameters that dictate the nature of interactions with the biological entities. The authors discuss the role of the degradation kinetics in a biological environment into nontoxic by‐products. pSi is presented as increasingly fulfilling a central task in various biomedical applications and clinical settings, owing to its unique physiochemical properties.

Advances in Porous Silicon–Based Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications

The use of a new class of hybrid nanomaterials as label-free optical biosensors for bacteria detection (E. coli K12 as a model system) is demonstrated. The hybrids combine a porous SiO 2 (PSiO 2 ) optical nanostructure (a Fabry―Perot thin film) used as the optical transducer element and a hydrogel. The hydrogel, polyacrylamide, is synthesized in situ within the nanostructure inorganic host and conjugated with specific monoclonal antibodies (IgGs) to provide the active component of the biosensor. The immobilization of the IgGs onto the hydrogel via a biotin-streptavidin system is confirmed by fluorescent labeling experiments and reflective interferometric Fourier transform spectroscopy (RIFTS). Additionally, the immobilized IgGs maintain their immunoactivity and specificity when attached to the sensor surface. Exposure of these modified-hybrids to the target bacteria results in "direct cell capture" onto the biosensor surface. These specific binding events induce predictable changes in the thin-film optical interference spectrum of the hybrid. Preliminary studies demonstrate the applicability of these biosensors for the detection of low bacterial concentrations in the range of 10 3 ―10 5 cell mL ―1 within minutes.

Construction and Characterization of Porous SiO2/Hydrogel Hybrids as Optical Biosensors for Rapid Detection of Bacteria

This work demonstrates a method for non-invasively monitoring the growth and Φ6 virus infection of Pseudomonas syringae bacteria using a 1-D porous silicon photonic crystal and a white-light source coupled to a CCD spectrometer. Bacteria growth on porous Si leads to increased scattering efficiency that can be measured as a change in intensity of light reflected from a 1-D porous Si photonic crystal. A linear relationship between bacteria concentration and intensity of light at the photonic resonance is observed, and detection limits are similar to those obtained from optical density measurements. Upon infection with virus, decreases in scattered light intensity are observed at times that correlate with cell lysis caused by viral replication and subsequent bursting of bacteria cells. It is shown that measurements can be performed in real-time and in an incubator where cells remain in their ideal environment throughout the experiment. This method is well-suited for cell-based biosensing, because bacteria cells can be monitored remotely without the need for sampling cells for plating or optical density measurements.

Using a porous silicon photonic crystal for bacterial cell-based biosensing

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Using a porous silicon photonic crystal for bacterial cell-based biosensing