In recent years, shipboard microgrids (MGs) have become more flexible, efficient, and reliable. The next generations of future shipboards are required to be equipped with more focuses on energy storage systems to provide all-electric shipboards. Therefore, the shipboards must be very reliable to ensure the operation of all parts of the system. A reliable shipboard MG should be protected from system faults through protection selectivity to minimize the impact of faults and facilitate detection and location of faulty zones with the highest accuracy and speed. It is necessary to have an across-the-board overview of the protection systems in DC shipboards. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the issues and challenges faced in the protection of shipboard MGs. Furthermore, given the different types of components utilized in shipboard MGs, the fault behavior analysis of these components is provided to highlight the requirements for their protection. The protection system of DC shipboards is divided into three sub-systems, namely, fault detection, location, and isolation. Therefore, a comprehensive comparison of different existing fault detection, location, and isolation schemes, from traditional to modern techniques, on shipboard MGs is presented to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme.

Protection Systems for DC Shipboard Microgrids

Shipboard DC systems, a Critical Overview: Challenges in Primary Distribution, Power Electronics-based Protection, and Power Scalability

Medium Voltage Direct Current (MVDC) shipboard power systems are being developed for next generation naval warships. To realize this goal, standardization of suitable grounding and ground fault localization are two significant efforts under development. These efforts are part of a multiphase research effort working towards interface standardization of MVDC shipboard power systems. This paper presents a short-circuit transient study of two different dc grounding methods and a fault locality study based on US Patent 8067942 B2. The short-circuit transient results show that voltage recovery post-fault is governed by the redistribution of parasitic capacitive charge via the parasitic conductance in the system verifying fundamental assumptions. For the fault locality study, distinct differences in the voltage oscillatory behavior are seen depending on the location of a line-to-ground fault, justifying the use of the methodology in MVDC systems.

Development of Grounding and Fault Localization in Power Electronic-Interfaced MVDC Shipboard Power and Energy Systems

High temperature superconducting (HTS) dc power cables need to be designed to tolerate all potential operating conditions expected on US Naval ships with medium voltage direct current (MVDC) integrated power and energy systems. These operating conditions include normal conditions and all possible fault conditions. Effects from electrical faults in MVDC power systems depend on the type of fault, the architecture of the power generation modules, and the implemented protection and fault management scheme. Various fault scenarios were modeled on a representative MVDC subsystem to estimate the current and voltage levels encountered by HTS dc cables, specifically the energy released into the cable system during faults. This paper identifies the local temperature increase within cryogenically cooled HTS dc cables, and the associated challenges that this potential rise in temperature presents once an electrical fault occurs.

High Temperature Superconducting Power Cables for MVDC Power Systems of Navy Ships

At present there is no standardized grounding method for medium voltage direct current (MVDC) shipboard power distribution systems. This paper introduces a method for selection of a maritime MVDC grounding scheme that considers technical acceptability, maintainability, reliability, safety, and feasibility. Several candidate grounding approaches and the results of the selection process are presented. In addition to the MVDC grounding method, a potentially suitable ground fault location approach based on noise pattern analysis is evaluated. The sensitivity of this fault location approach to source-ground capacitive coupling is analyzed using a notional two-zone MVDC ship distribution system model.

Grounding and fault location in power electronic based MVDC shipboard power and energy systems

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Grounding and fault location in power electronic based MVDC shipboard power and energy systems