As a result of its high‐energy density, metal–selenides have demanded attention as a potential energy‐storage material. But they suffer from volume expansion, dissolved poly‐selenides and sluggish kinetics. Herein, utilizing' thermal selenization via the Kirkendall effect, microspheres of NiSe2 confined by carbon are successfully obtained from the self‐assembly of Ni‐precursor/PPy. The derived hierarchical hollow architecture increases the active defects for sodium storage, while the existing double N‐doped carbon layers significantly alleviate the volume swelling. As a result, it shows ultrafast rate capability, delivering a stable capacity of 374 mAh g−1, even after 3000 loops at 10.0 A g−1. These remarkable results may be ascribed to the NiOC bonds on the interface of NiSe2 and the carbon film, which leads to the faster transfer of ions, the effective trapping of poly‐selenide, and the highly reversible conversion reaction. The kinetic analysis of cyclic voltammetry (CV) demonstrates that the electrochemical process is mainly dominated by pseudocapacitive behaviors. Supported by the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), it is confirmed that the solid–electrolyte interface films are reversibly formed/decomposed during cycling. Given this, this elaborate work might open up a potential avenue for the rational design of metal‐sulfur/selenide anodes for advanced battery systems.

Hierarchical Hollow‐Microsphere Metal–Selenide@Carbon Composites with Rational Surface Engineering for Advanced Sodium Storage

One of the basic intentions of science and technology is the evolution of novel and more efficient devices to make human life more easy and comfortable. A supercapacitor is one such device that can be utilized as a complementary and to some extent a replacement of electrochemical battery to store electrical energy. The performance of a supercapacitor very much depends on the electrode material used and hence a variety of materials are employed to form electrodes of supercapacitors in order to improve its performance. In this review, we have discussed the preparation and properties of polypyrrole (PPy) and polyindole (PIn) based electrode material for supercapacitor applications. PPy shows a high degree of flexibility which makes it markedly suitable and applicable for making flexible supercapacitors. PIn exhibit slow hydrolytic degradation and hence long charge-discharge time. Thus, PIn can be utilized to form supercapacitors having the ability to store energy for a longer period of time. Nonetheless, their properties can be enhanced by using binary and ternary composites of PPy and PIn with different carbon-based and metal-based materials. This review briefly discusses some of these composites and devices formed by them.

Robust electrochemical performance of polypyrrole (PPy) and polyindole (PIn) based hybrid electrode materials for supercapacitor application: A review

Supercapacitors (SCs) are energy storage devices with unique characteristics, and together with batteries have generated a significant research effort, with various types of electrode materials been developed over the last...

Advances in Pseudocapacitive and Battery-like Electrode Materials for High Performance Supercapacitors

Synthesis and factor affecting on the conductivity of polypyrrole: a short review

Supercapacitor is a potential energy storage device that has been used in various fields like automotive industries, energy harvesting and grid stabilization system due to its unique feature in terms of power density, life cycle, operating temperature range, charge/discharge period, and specific capacitance. Therefore, supercapacitors are used in grid systems to smooth the energy feeding and stabilize the grid system during peak demands. Supercapacitors can provide high power at a short period of time. Correspondingly, supercapacitors are postulated to be the potential replacement for batteries due to their excellent power density which reduces the charging period, longer cycle life than batteries, forgiving even it is overused and is environmentally friendly compared to batteries. However, supercapacitors lack in energy density compared to batteries; thus, it is often used as a short-term energy storage device. Supercapacitors are generally divided into three groups: a) electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC), b) pseudocapacitor, and c) hybrid supercapacitor. These three groups differ in charge storage mechanism, which is closely related to the type and nature of the materials used to design the supercapacitor's electrode. Over and above all, the electrode material is a contributing factor to the supercapacitor's electrochemical performance. Aside from electrode material, electrolyte also influences the electrochemical performance. Hence, it is essential to choose the appropriate electrode and electrolyte according to the desired outcome. To be able to choose, the nature and properties of the materials should be studied. So, in this paper, all three types of supercapacitors are discussed, along with the factors that influence the electrochemical performance. Besides, different electrode materials and electrolytes are included together with an overview of the future scope of supercapacitors. • Rise of supercapacitor and how it differs from battery and capacitor were explored. • Types of supercapacitor construction and mechanism were included. • Importance of supercapacitor components for enhancement process was discussed. • Selection of an appropriate electrode and electrolyte is critical. • Types of electrode materials and electrolytes were reviewed. 

Every bite of Supercap: A brief review on construction and enhancement of supercapacitor

Nano sized polymer embedded inorganic metal oxide nanocomposites consisting of PMMA–TiO2 were synthesized via free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate. Their structural, optical, thermal, electrical and electrochemical properties were examined. Aggregated irregular tetragonal bipyramidal structural of TiO2 nanoparticle were embedded on the spherical ball like structure of PMMA. The in-depth topological images were examined by transmission electron microscopy and it was well agreement with field emission scanning electron microscopic images. The corresponding changes in nano strain and bond length with the incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticle in PMMA matrix were observed by X-ray diffraction technique and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic spectroscopy. The FT-Raman spectra confirmed the anatase phase of titania in PMMA–TiO2 nanocomposite. The PL spectra for PMMA–TiO2 nanocomposite showed four bands attributed to blue-violet band, blue band, green band, yellow band respectively and its color coordinate was observed to be in blue region. The shifting of transmittance edge for PMMA–TiO2 towards blue region was in good agreement with the result of CIE diagram with better thermal stability. Optimized reduced band gap (~ 2.93 eV) and enhanced current density (~ 110%) were calculated which led to improvement in conductivity for PMMA–TiO2 nanocomposite. The dielectric properties of PMMA–TiO2 nanocomposite showed high dielectric constant with meager dielectric loss. The electrochemical measurement confirmed the better specific capacitance with high conductivity for PMMA–TiO2 nanocomposite and enhanced the electron transport properties. Such a better thermal stability, reduced optical band gap, high dielectric constant, higher non radiative recombination rate as well as p-type conductivity concluded that it can be used as electron transport layer in OLED devices.

PMMA–TiO 2 based polymeric nanocomposite material for electron transport layer in OLED application

Temperature dependent supercapacitive performance of NH3 modified TiO2 decorated PPy nanohybrids in various electrolyte systems

Augmented optical, dielectric and electrochemical performance for morphologically crushed nanorods decorated Fe:MnO2/PIn nanocomposite

Silver doped zinc oxide-polyaniline (Ag-ZnO/PANI) composite was synthesized via facile chemical oxidative in-situ polymerization process. The morphological and structural properties of Ag-ZnO/PANI composite were investigated using field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) techniques. The electrochemical properties of as-synthesized composite were investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic (EIS) techniques. The Ag-ZnO/PANI, a new electrode showed an excellent gravimetric specific capacitance ∼ 635 F/g with energy density ∼ 88 W h/kg and power density ∼ 499 W/kg. The 96 %, specific capacitance retention percent and long cyclic stability suggested that Ag-ZnO/PANI composite is a potential candidate as an electrode material for supercapacitor application.

Remarkable enhancement in electrochemical capacitance value of Ag-ZnO/PANI composite for supercapacitor application

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