Abstract Histone lysine 2‐hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) was identified as a novel posttranslational modification in 2014. Significant progress has been made in understanding its roles in reproduction, development, and disease. Although 2‐hydroxyisobutyrylation shares some overlapping modification sites and regulatory factors with other lysine residue modifications, its unique structure suggests distinct functions. This review summarizes the latest advancements in Khib, including its regulatory mechanisms, roles in mammalian physiological processes, and its relationship with diseases. This provides direction for further research on Khib and offers new perspectives for developing treatment strategies for related diseases. 

Research advances in protein lysine 2‐hydroxyisobutyrylation: From mechanistic regulation to disease relevance

Genomic studies in animal breeding have provided a wide range of references; however, it is important to note that genes and mRNA alone do not fully capture the complexity of living organisms. Protein post-translational modification, which involves covalent modifications regulated by genetic and environmental factors, serves as a fundamental epigenetic mechanism that modulates protein structure, activity, and function. In this review, we comprehensively summarize various phosphorylation and acylation modifications on metabolic enzymes relevant to energy metabolism in animals, including acetylation, succinylation, crotonylation, β-hydroxybutylation, acetoacetylation, and lactylation. It is worth noting that research on animal energy metabolism and modification regulation lags behind the demands for growth and development in animal breeding compared to human studies. Therefore, this review provides a novel research perspective by exploring unreported types of modifications in livestock based on relevant findings from human or animal models.

Protein Post-Translational Modifications Based on Proteomics: A Potential Regulatory Role in Animal Science.

Purpose of review Embryonic arrest is a key determinant of the number of euploid blastocysts obtained after IVF. Here, we review factors that are implicated in the developmental arrest of preimplantation embryos and their relevance for assisted reproduction outcomes. Recent findings Among the treatment options available to infertile women, IVF is the one associated with most favorable outcomes. The cumulative pregnancy rates in women undergoing IVF are determined by aneuploidy rate (age), ovarian response to stimulation (ovarian reserve), and the rate of embryo developmental arrest. Mutations in maternal effect genes, especially those encoding for subcortical maternal complex, have been implicated in human embryo developmental arrest. In addition, perturbation of biological processes, such as mitochondrial unfolded protein response and long noncoding RNA regulatory pathways, may play a role. However, how each of these factors contributes to embryos’ arrest in different cohorts and age groups has not been determined. Summary Arrest of human embryos during preimplantation development is a common occurrence and is partly responsible for the limited number of euploid blastocysts obtained in assisted reproduction cycles. Although genetic and metabolic causes have been implicated, the mechanisms responsible for human embryo developmental arrest remain poorly characterized.

Embryonic arrest: causes and implications

Storage of boar semen at 5 °C instead of the conventional temperature of 17 °C is an innovative preservation concept. It enhances protection against the growth of bacteria normally occurring in the ejaculates and potential drug-resistant contaminants from the environment. Thereby it allows the reduction or even elimination of antibiotics in porcine semen extenders. The present article reviews the current state of the low-temperature preservation approach of boar semen, with a special focus on antimicrobial efficiency and fertility in field insemination trials. Particularly the role of semen extenders and temperature management for the achievement of high fertility and biosecurity are elucidated. Insemination data of 1,841 sows in there different countries revealed equally high farrowing rates and litter sizes of semen stored at 5 °C compared to the controls stored at 17 °C. Microbiology data obtained from semen doses spiked with multi-drug resistant bacteria showed the efficiency of the cold semen storage for inhibiting the growth of Serratia marcescens, a bacterial species with high sperm-toxicity. Evolving concepts on the physiological role of the male reproductive microbiome for female fertility provides a further argument against the complete eradication of bacteria in the semen dose by antibiotic additives to the extenders. Finally, motivation and practical considerations for the use of the novel preservation tool in artificial insemination of pigs are revealed, which might encourage the transformation towards a sustainable production of boar semen doses following the One Health approach. 

Boar semen storage at 5 °C for the reduction of antibiotic use in pig insemination: Pathways from science into practice

During the artificial breeding process of Chinese pearl oysters, the quality and vitality of sperm and eggs are pivotal in determining the success rate of fertilization. This study delves into the impact of externally added fructose, glucose, and ammoniated water on sperm vitality and lifespan under varying temperature conditions. The results indicate that the addition of exogenous energy sources and cell protectants, specifically monosaccharide energy substances, significantly improves sperm vitality. Moreover, under 4°C conditions, adding 2.8 mmol/L fructose, glucose, and 2 mmol/L ammoniated water to sperm samples significantly enhances sperm vitality and prolongs their lifespan. This provides strong evidence for the feasibility of short-term preservation and vitality enhancement strategies for Chinese pearl oyster sperm and also offers important scientific support for optimizing the artificial reproduction techniques of Chinese pearl oysters. 

The effects of exogenous additives on the vitality of Chinese pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) sperm under different conditions

Hypothermic liquid storage at 4–5 °C has emerged as a novel approach for preserving boar semen, offering innovative possibilities for semen preservation. However, this method also presents challenges, including cold shock and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Therefore, reducing oxidative damage induced by low temperatures becomes essential while supplementing appropriate protectants. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) compared to Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Skim Milk Powder (SMP) in maintaining boar sperm motility and progressive motility using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). Among the tested concentrations, 4 g/L of BSA exhibited the best protective effect. Subsequently, we supplemented different concentrations of l-cysteine (LC) and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) as additives in the presence of BSA as a protectant. Our results demonstrated that 1 mmol/L of LC and 0.5 mmol/L of NAC exhibited superior protection of sperm quality compared to other concentrations. Furthermore, the 1 mmol/L LC and 0.5 mmol/L NAC groups showed significantly improved plasma membrane integrity and acrosome integrity compared to the control group. These groups also exhibited enhanced antioxidant capacity, evidenced by increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP production, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and GPX-4 levels. Additionally, they demonstrated decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as well as reduced oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and glutathione reductase (GR) levels. Furthermore, LC and NAC treatment enhanced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. However, inhibiting AMPK using compound C did not inhibit the protective effects of LC and NAC on low-temperature preserved boar sperm. These findings suggest that 4 g/L BSA can serve as an effective protectant for hypothermic liquid storage of boar semen. Additionally, LC and NAC supplementation reduces oxidative damage by enhancing antioxidant capacity rather than through AMPK-mediated ATP supplementation. These results contribute to advancing the application of LC and NAC in hypothermic liquid storage of boar semen. 

Protective effects of l-cysteine and N-acetyl-l-cysteine on boar sperm quality during hypothermic liquid storage with bovine serum albumin as a protectant.

Knockdown of Csnk1a1 results in preimplantation developmental arrest in mice.

Ovarian function influences diverse aspects of fertility and reproductive lifespan by regulating oocyte supply and hormone secretion. Lysine crotonylation (Kcr) and lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyryllysine (Khib) are newly identified post-translational modifications and function as regulators of transactivation in mammals. In this study, we investigated protein post-translational Kcr and 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation in the ovarian tissues of piglets. A total of 653 overlapping proteins among differentially modified proteins were identified for both crotonylation and 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis indicated that 653 DMPs were significantly enriched in nucleosome organization, chromatin assembly, DNA packaging, peptide biosynthetic process and peptide metabolic process. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed enrichment in proteasome, ribosome, fatty acid elongation, pyruvate metabolism and pentose phosphate pathway. Fifteen DMPs were identified in the proteasome pathway, of which PSMC6 and PSMB7 were the core proteins. In addition, the significant changes in Kcr and Khib in the complex subunits of the proteasome may be involved in cell cycle processes during oocyte development. Forty-four DMPs with both Kcr and Khib modifications were related to the ribosome pathway. The regulated ribosome pathway may indicate that Kcr and Khib comodified proteins participate in protein synthesis during oocyte development. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining results supported the reliability of the sequencing results. Our results may provide a valuable resource to help illuminate the roles of Kcr and Khib in ovarian development and may serve as new tools to better control diseases.

/pdf/qualitative-lysine-crotonylation-and-2-2wdea6h3.pdf

Qualitative lysine crotonylation and 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation analysis in the ovarian tissue proteome of piglets

Morinda officinalis Oligosaccharides Protect Against LPS-Induced Uterine Damage and Endometrial Inflammation in Mice and Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells

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Protective effects of l-cysteine and N-acetyl-l-cysteine on boar sperm quality during hypothermic liquid storage with bovine serum albumin as a protectant.

Knockdown of Csnk1a1 results in preimplantation developmental arrest in mice.

Qualitative lysine crotonylation and 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation analysis in the ovarian tissue proteome of piglets

Morinda officinalis Oligosaccharides Protect Against LPS-Induced Uterine Damage and Endometrial Inflammation in Mice and Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells