The U.S. and China are the world’s largest and second largest CO2 emitters, respectively, and to what extent the U.S. and China get involved in combating global climate change is extremely important both for lowering compliance costs of climate mitigation and adaptation and for moving international climate negotiations forward. While it is unavoidable that China will take on commitments at some specific point of time in the future, this paper has argued that the proposal for joint accession by the U.S. and China is not a way forward. For various reasons, such a proposal is in the U.S. interest, but is not in the interest of China. Given the U.S. political reality and institutional settings on the one hand and China’s over-riding concern about economic growth and poverty reduction on the other, the two countries are unlikely to take on emissions caps under an international regime, at least for the time being. Therefore, we need to explore the area where cooperation between the two countries to address climate change seems best. The research, development and deployment of clean technology is the area that is in the best interests of the two countries. The U.S. has adopted a technology-oriented approach to climate issues, and has launched the four multilateral initiatives on technology cooperation and the Asia Pacific Partnership for Clean Development and Climate (APP). China has participated in all these U.S.-led initiatives, and is a partner to the APP. Strengthened technology cooperation between the two countries through these initiatives and the APP has led some tangible benefits. However, it should be pointed out that while technology is a critical ingredient in a climate policy package, efforts such as the APP can only be part of the solution. They alone cannot ensure that best available technologies are always deployed in the marketplace, and that new technologies will roll out at the pace and on the scale that we need. In order to have such technology-oriented approach to play a full role, we do need a coordinated policy framework agreed via the Kyoto Protocol or a follow-up regime or the parent United Nations Framework Convention.

China, the United States and technology cooperation on climate control

While smart city initiatives have characterized global urbanization from the 1990s to the 2020s, nowadays a novel artificial intelligence (AI) enabled approach to urban governance is rapidly emerging, thereby shaping the governance and planning of present and future cities. This urban phenomenon can be understood theoretically through the notion of anticipatory governance, and empirically through so-called City Brain systems. This is particularly evident in China where a wide range of urban AI solutions are being experimented at different scales which this paper seeks to illustrate. First, by building a database of AI-urban policy texts associated with Chinese cities, we capture and discuss the national network of discourses surrounding urban AI. Second, we draw on empirical research conducted in Beijing to examine an existing city brain project and explain its impact on urban governance. Our study reveals the multi-scalar policy landscape of urban AI transitions in China and sheds light on the extent to which emerging AI technologies such as city brains can proactively address urban problems, thus developing an understanding of anticipatory governance in the age of urban AI. We conclude the paper by reflecting on the complex corporate-state relations embedded in the co-production of city brains, their diffusion and impact beyond China. 

The Emergence of Artificial Intelligence in Anticipatory Urban Governance: Multi-Scalar Evidence of China’s Transition to City Brains

New digital technologies and systems are being extensively applied in urban contexts. These technologies and systems include algorithms, robotics, drones, Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) and autonomous systems that can collectively be labelled as Artificial Intelligence (AI). Critical debates have recognized that these various forms of AI do not merely layer onto existing urban infrastructures, forms of management and practices of everyday life. Instead, they have social and material power: they perform work, anticipate and assess risks and opportunities, are aberrant or glitchy, cause accidents, and make new demands on humans as well as the design of cities. And yet, urban scholars have only recently started to engage with research on urban AI and to begin articulating research directions for urban development beyond the current focus on smart cities. To enhance this engagement, this intervention explores three sets of questions: what is distinctive about this novel way of thinking about and doing cities; what are the emerging mutual interdependencies and interrelations between AI and their urban contexts; and what are the consequent challenges and opportunities for urban governance. In closing, we outline research directions shaped around new research questions raised by the emergence of urban AI. 

Why does urban Artificial Intelligence (AI) matter for urban studies? Developing research directions in urban AI research

Night shift work and depression among Chinese workers: the mediating role of sleep disturbances

The purpose of this study was to assess the serial multiple mediating effects of subjective well-being and life satisfaction between job satisfaction and depressive symptoms among Chinese adults aged 35–60 years. According to the 2018 China Family Panel Study (CFPS), we finally selected 10,609 respondents (5202 females, and 5407 males) aged 35–60 years old as samples for the study. Correlation analysis was carried out to examine the relationship among job satisfaction, subjective well-being, life satisfaction, and depressive symptoms. Linear regression models were established to analyze the relationship between job satisfaction and depressive symptoms. Serial multiple mediation analysis was conducted by the SPSS macro PROCESS program. The results suggested that job satisfaction was negatively correlated with depressive symptoms among Chinese adults aged 35–60 years. Subjective well-being and life satisfaction mediated the relationships between them, respectively. Furthermore, job satisfaction also had indirect impacts on depressive symptoms through the serial mediating effects of subjective well-being and life satisfaction. The findings revealed that increasing job satisfaction could decrease depressive symptoms through promoting subjective well-being and life satisfaction. The study may offer some meaningful implications for improving the mental health and reducing the risk of depressive symptoms among Chinese adults aged 35–60 years.

/pdf/the-relationship-between-job-satisfaction-and-depressive-2cqy0p5f.pdf

The Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Adults Aged 35–60 Years: The Mediating Role of Subjective Well-Being and Life Satisfaction

Prevalence and influencing factors of depressive symptoms among rural-to-urban migrant workers in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Research and wider societal debates has explored the potentially transformative role of AI in extended social control and hyper-capitalist development in China. In this paper, we use those debates to reflect on experiments with Urban AI in China. The key issue is whether AI offers something distinctive or different compared with the logics and imaginaries of ideas of the smart city. Analysis of emblematic sites of urban AI management in the cities of Shanghai and Hangzhou demonstrates: the resonances and dissonances between urban AI and smart. But they also demonstrate distinctive and complex landscape of urban AI experiments that is not neatly captured in social control and free market applications perspectives on AI. Moreover, the urban experimental contexts in which AI is being rolled, reveal aspirations for creating new “digital empires,” exploring new limits on data power and potential social resistance. The paper makes a distinctive contribution by providing a new framework for comparing logics of computational urban management in the context of emerging AI applications. As such the paper provides a distinctive framework for situating future applications of urban AI management in China and identifies the future urban research priorities.

/pdf/urban-ai-in-china-social-control-or-hyper-capitalist-26uenrwe.pdf

Urban AI in China: Social control or hyper-capitalist development in the post-smart city?

PurposeThis paper aims to analyse economic growth in Africa focussing on the role of digitalization and financial sector development.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ country-level data from 36 African countries over the period 2000–2020 and used fixed effect, random effect and the Hausman–Taylor estimation techniques.FindingsThe study, first finds that, digitalization propels financial sector development in Africa. Building on this, the study further finds that, digitalization conditioned on financial sector development at best does not promote economic growth in Africa. However, results of the net effects suggest that digitalization, overall, improve economic growth in Africa.Social implicationsIn the current environment of a sluggish global economy, digitalization can play an important role in assisting policymakers to spur economic growth. This has attracted the attention of many researchers in the developed world. However, little is done about the subject matter in Africa.Originality/valueThe findings of this paper are novel in the African sub-region with important policy implications.

Economic growth through digitalization in Africa: does financial sector development play a mediating role?

With peoples' concerns about China's environmental problems, CleanTech-related fields are getting more attentions by the Chinese government. The author studies CleanTech Venture Capital (VC) in China because it may represent a third wave of VC investments. The first two waves were Information Technology and Communication. CleanTech is different from other investment categories because it is closely related to environment protection, energy efficiency, ecosystem, government policy and sustainable development of the society. Also, it drives the innovation of technology in clean energy areas. Despite the current global economic downturn, green energy still shows its huge appeal of VC. VC investors from Silicon Valley continue to have a strong interest in the cooperation of green energy projects between China and the U.S., including electric cars, solar energy, green construction and other fields. This paper focuses on studying the current China's CleanTech VC investment environment, exploring potential investment tendency, indicating several challenges facing to the investors, and seeking practical ways to attract more investments in China's CleanTech. The study suggests several key ways to gain successes in CleanTech VC investment. Whether China's CleanTech become the third wave for VC investment needs the collaborated efforts from all the interest-related parties.

Prospects for cleantech venture capital investment in China: A third wave?

: As a renowned private university in China, HIEU has developed its own way of going global. Over the 13-year period, CFCRS in HIEU has experienced difficulties, problems, uncertainties and instability. Cooperative projects are easily affected by internal and external factors, which can bring beneficial or detrimental effects to the projects. Nevertheless, because of the support of the government and the university leaders, HIEU can always flexibly adjust itself to adapt to new situations. To achieve healthy and sustainable development in CFCRS, it is critically important for HIEU to increase the quality of the joint programs, employ high-quality resources of both sides to form core competitiveness, and expand channels for international cooperation.

Research on Chinese-Foreign Cooperation in Running Schools in Private Colleges and Universities —A Case Study of Hunan International Economics University

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Prevalence and influencing factors of depressive symptoms among rural-to-urban migrant workers in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Urban AI in China: Social control or hyper-capitalist development in the post-smart city?

Economic growth through digitalization in Africa: does financial sector development play a mediating role?

Prospects for cleantech venture capital investment in China: A third wave?

Research on Chinese-Foreign Cooperation in Running Schools in Private Colleges and Universities —A Case Study of Hunan International Economics University