Medical genetics was revolutionized during the 1980s by the application of genetic mapping to locate the genes responsible for simple Mendelian diseases. Most diseases and traits, however, do not follow simple inheritance patterns. Geneticists have thus begun taking up the even greater challenge of the genetic dissection of complex traits. Four major approaches have been developed: linkage analysis, allele-sharing methods, association studies, and polygenic analysis of experimental crosses. This article synthesizes the current state of the genetic dissection of complex traits—describing the methods, limitations, and recent applications to biological problems.

Genetic Dissection of Complex Traits

The seasonal differences in the environmental components considerably affect the genotypic expression in the form of phenotypic output of silkworm crop such as cocoon weight, shell weight, and cocoon shell ratio. The variations in the environmental conditions day to day and season to season emphasize the need of management of temperature and relative humidity for sustainable cocoon production. The present review paper discuss in details about the role of temperature and humidity on growth and development of silkworm including recent studies on heat shock protein. Study also discusses the influence of air and light on silkworm development. In addition to this study emphasis on the role of various environmental factors on embryonic development of silkworm egg, nutritional indices of silkworm larva and reproductive potential of silkworm moth. The study also highlights about the care to be required during silkworm spinning and influence of temperature and humidity on post cocoon parameters of silkworm. The study included future strategies to be taken for the management climatic condition for successful cocoon crop. The paper covers 140 references connected with the topic.

/pdf/management-of-climatic-factors-for-successful-silkworm-3c7ztx82xv.pdf

Management of Climatic Factors for Successful Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) Crop and Higher Silk Production: A Review

Data augmentation for automated pest classification in Mango farms

The taxonomic identity of Capsicum species is found to be difficult as it displays variations at morpho-chemical characters. Twenty-two accessions of six Capsicum species, namely, C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. eximium, C. frutescens, and C. luteum were investigated for phenotypic diversity based on flower color and for genetic differences by molecular makers. The genetic cluster analyses of 27 RAPD and eight ISSR primers, respectively, revealed genetic similarities in the ranges of 23–88% and 11–96%. Principal component analysis of the pooled RAPD and ISSR data further supports the genetic similarity and groupings. Different species showed variations in relation to corolla shade of flower. C. annuum accessions formed a single cluster in the molecular analysis as maintaining their flower characteristic. C. chinense accession shared flower features with the accessions of C. frutescens and were found to be closer at genotypic level. C. luteum was found to be rather closer to C. baccatum complex, both phenotypically and genetically. The only accession of C. eximium presenting purple flowers falls apart from the groupings. The floral characteristics and the molecular markers are found to be useful toward the delineation of the species specificity in Capsicum collection and identification of genetic stock.

Molecular Profiling for Genetic Variability in Capsicum Species Based on ISSR and RAPD Markers

Utilizing intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers, 18 mulberry (Morus spp.) germplasm collections were studied for genetic variability, phylogenetic relationship, and association with protein and sugar content. The genetic polymorphism exhibited by ISSR primers was 100%, and the genetic diversity recorded among the mulberry accessions had an average of 0.263 ± 0.094. Dendrogram (unweighted pair group method analysis) clustered the mulberry accessions into two major groups, one comprised the accessions collected from north or northeast regions of India, and the other comprised three subclusters and one isolate, i.e., Assamjati, a collection from Assam. Another subcluster contained accessions collected from Kerala, which belong to Morus indica. These accessions of M. indica from Kerala were found to be genetically diverse from north and northeast India. Multidimensional scaling of the ISSR data clearly separated the mulberry accessions according to their genetic diversity and protein content. Mulberry accessions were arbitrarily grouped into three classes viz. very low, moderate, and high in terms of protein and sugar content using standard statistical programs. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified four ISSR markers (8351,600, 8355,600, 8222,500, and 8072,500) associated with protein content with highly positive correlation (p < 0.001) with linear curves with high F values (18.055 to 48.674; p < 0.001). In case of sugar content, four ISSR markers viz. 812900, 8171,500, 8261,500, and 8108,000 showed negative correlation. Hence, DNA markers for proteins seem promising and may be used in marker-assisted breeding program.

/pdf/genetic-variability-and-association-of-issr-markers-with-1x2sgxj30r.pdf

Genetic variability and association of ISSR markers with some biochemical traits in mulberry (Morus spp.) genetic resources available in India

Muga silkworm (Antheraea assamensis Helfer) is endemic to Assam and adjoining areas in North-Eastern India, and naturally produces golden silk From time immemorial, many ethnic and tribal groups have produced muga silk Muga silkworms are mostly wild unlike the mulberry silkworm, which is completely domesticated The muga silkworm is a single species with little genetic variation among populations, survives harsh climatic conditions and is subject to various diseases, pests and predators Due to the high incidence of disease and natural enemies, and variations in climatic conditions, the production of muga silk has recently declined dramatically In order to improve the productivity of this silkworm it is important to have a better knowledge of both its host plants and biology Lack of knowledge of its genetics and host plants is a major bottleneck This paper reviews various aspects of muga silkworm culture, including the availability of different populations, and methods used to select for improvement in survival, cocoon yield, disease resistance, conservation and egg production

/pdf/muga-silkworm-antheraea-assamensis-lepidoptera-saturniidae-4wy5skkrka.pdf

Muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) - an overview of distribution, biology and breeding

Information on the genetic identity and interrelationships of different Morus spp genotypes is essential for their proper conservation and utilization Hence, the present investigation was undertaken with genetically more reliable DNA markers to study the genetic relationship among eleven selected genotypes of mulberry collected from Japan, India and Italy Using ten RAPD and ten ISSR primers, 6075% and 7413 % of DNA polymorphism could be detected among these genotypes The genetic similarity among the genotypes varied from 073 to 089 when pooled data from ISSR and RAPD were used for UPGMA analysis The phenogram obtained from the whole data set by using UPGMA, grouped all the genotypes into two distinct clusters In one cluster all the genotypes from India and China were grouped while the other group comprised of the Japanese, Italian and the single genotype from Philippines Though, the distinct grouping of Japanese genotypes with the Indian ones offers a possibility of utilising them in genetic improvement of M alba genotypes of India

/pdf/genetic-analysis-of-morus-alba-through-rapd-and-issr-markers-53n8mmelif.pdf

Genetic analysis of Morus alba through RAPD and ISSR markers

Mulberry ( Morus L.) is an economically important tree being cultivated for its leaves to rear the silkworm Bombyx mori . Rearing of silkworm is an art and science popularly known as sericulture; an agrobased cottage industry provides employment to millions in China, India, Korea, Vietnam, etc. Mulberry is a peren - nial tree that maintains high heterozygosity due to the outbreeding reproductive system. It is recalcitrant to most of the conventional breeding methods, yet considerable improvement has been made in leaf yield and leaf quality. Conventional breeding in mulberry is a tedious, labour intensive and time taking process, which needs to be complemented with modern biotechnological methods to speed up the process. This article enumerates the problems, challenges, constraints and achievements in mulberry breeding along with recent advances in biotechnology and molecular biology to enable mulberry breeders to tackle specific problems more systemati -

Breeding for Higher Productivity in Mulberry

Genetic diversity within and between populations of Antheraea mylitta Drury was studied using thirty individuals from three ecoraces using 12 ISSR and 10 RAPD primers. Rally, Daba and Modal ecoraces were collected from Chattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa states of India respectively. The ISSR and RAPD primers generated and polymorphism among the 30 individuals. The cluster analysis grouped these individuals according to their ecorace. The intra-ecoracial heterozygosity estimated with ISSR markers were respectively for Modal, Raily and Daba ecoraces. Like wise, with RAPD markers the intraecoracial heterozygosity was in Modal, in Raily and in Daba ecoraces. However, the significantly low genetic differentiation (GST) (0.182 for ISSR and 0.161 for RAPD) and the high gene flow (Nm) (2.249 for ISSR and 2.60 for RAPD markers) among the ecoraces revealed that the amount of genetic diversity present among the ecoraces is not significant enough to make drastic genetic drifts among these ecoraces in the near future.

Genetic Variability Within and Among Three Ecoraces of the Tasar Silkworm Antheraea mylitta Drury, as Revealed by ISSR and RAPD Markers

The success of sericulture industry in India is mainly attributed to the well-planned annual sericultural activity and the systematic implementation of pest preventive and control measures. The insect spectrum of silkworm and its food plants is complex and plays a major role in limiting the production of silk. Insects cause extensive damage to plant whereas predators and parasites either kill the silkworm larvae or force them to spin flimsy cocoons. Unilateral control measure against this pest is mainly based on the use of synthetic organic insecticides. Though these approaches initially paid rich dividends, the undesirable consequences soon surfaced. Insecticide induced resurgence of gall midges, leafhopper, leaf roller, secondary pest out breaks and development of pest biotypes has led to realization of Integrated Pest Management in sericulture. Various components of IPM, viz. Host plant resistance, cultural practices, biological control, chemical control and integrating them at various technological levels have been studied. Sources of host plant resistance have been identified for some of the major insect pests. High yielding mulberry variety has been propagated and their resistances towards major pests have been recorded. Cultural practices like pruning, pollarding, judicious use of nitrogen, optimum spacing and weed management have preyed to be the powerful tools in containing pests. Natural control over the pest population build- up exerted by the wide range of parasitoids, predators and pathogens has been well documented with identification of natural enemies and studies on their potential. Augmentation, through inoculation or inundative releases of parasitic arthropods, is the most direct way of increasing the numbers of these beneficials in sericulture.

An Integrated Approach in the Pest Management in Sericulture

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