Varias bacterias rizosfericas con potencial para estimular el crecimiento de las plantas, se han aislado de difefrentes lugares y regiones del mundo. Los mecanismos por los cuales estas bacterias tienen la capacidad de estimular el crecimiento de plantas incluyen: la produccion de fitohormonas, compuestos volatiles, compuestos antimicrobianos (produccion de enzimas liticas, sideroforos), fijacion biologica de nitrogeno, la solubilizacion de fosfatos y otros. Sin embargo, estos mecanismo0s dependen de la adherencia correcta de las bacterias a las raices de las plantas y la colonizacion eficaz de la rizosfera. En diferentes lugares del continente americano se han reportado varios aislamientos bacterianos con potencial para estimular el crecimiento de las plantas y algunos de ellos han sido utilizados como formulaciones de inoculantes para incrementar el rendimiento de los cultivos. Esta revision muestra una vision global de los mecanismos de promocion de crecimiento de plantas y el potencial agrobiotecnologico de algunas rizobacterias aisladas en America.

Mecanismos de fitoestimulación por rizobacterias, aislamientos en América y potencial biotecnológico

/pdf/efecto-de-consorcios-pgpr-sobre-el-desarrollo-de-plantas-de-4hn0ai0h8s.pdf

Efecto de consorcios PGPR sobre el desarrollo de plantas de Plukenetia volubilis Y Moringa oleífera hasta fase vegetativa en comparación a fertilización convencional y orgánica en campo

Azospirillum is a rhizobacteria capable of promoting the plant growth of different crops of agronomic interest. Up to now, 21 species are known, the most studied being Azospirillum brasilense. The effect of the use of the bacterium in corn crops has been reported, having been determined in parameters such as plant height and chlorophyll content, including an increase in the amount of fixed nitrogen from the atmosphere. Similarly, in soybean and wheat crops, a significant benefit has been reported in the increase in chlorophyll content related to the increase in grain yield per hectare. The main mechanism by which Azospirillum improves plant growth is through the production of phytohormones, mainly the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which is generated in the plant, but in nanomolar quantities, participating in various functions. It is known that the main route to the production of IAA is through the amino acid tryptophan (TRP) by means of four routes: 1) indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN), 2) indole-3-acetamide (IAM) 3) indole-3pyruvic acid (IPyA) and 4) Tryptamine (TAM). Through various studies, it is known that there is an independent TRP route but, until now, the metabolites involved in the route, the levels of expression and the environmental circumstances in which it is expressed are not known. *Corresponding author: jliceah1800@alumno.ipn.mx Received 12 3

/pdf/impacto-de-azospirillum-brasilense-una-rizobacteria-que-rbowiu1iua.pdf

Impacto de azospirillum brasilense, una rizobacteria que estimula la producción del ácido indol-3-acético como el mecanismo de mejora del crecimiento de las plantas en los cultivos agrícolas

Seed germination involves complex processes where plant growth-promoting substances are released into the growth medium, mainly involving pathways that start in tryptophan (TRP) and end in the formation of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Among them, four are known as TRP-dependent and a fifth as TRP-independent. Some compounds were observed during germination of bean seeds that involved at least three IAA synthesis pathways and that kynurenine (KYN) is the first detected metabolite which is found in greater concentration. It was followed by tryptamine (TAM), TRP and IAA. The results of Trichoderma harzianum inoculation in greenhouse tests showed variability in Flor de Mayo beans seedlings in response to physiological level and production parameters. The effect of Trichoderma in Flor de Mayo common bean showed that strain 802 had a significant effect on the development of the height of bean seedlings, and that the 812 strain showed significant effect on the development of root bean seedlings. Increased growth of stem and root caused byTrichoderma strains in Flor de Mayo beans involves beneficial effects of inoculation on plant growth and development parameters and can be taken as they were a measure of survival and development of seedlings.

	 

	Key words: Biofertilizers, indole-3-acetamide, tryptophan,indole-3- acetic acid, kynurenine.

/pdf/detection-of-metabolites-in-flor-de-mayo-common-beans-cazg9nrwg2.pdf

Detection of metabolites in Flor de Mayo common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and their response to inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum

African star grass is important in some tropical regions and can benefit from the use of biofertilizers like Azospirillum. We tested three strains of Azospirillum as biofertilizer in Turrialba, Costa Rica, from 2011 through 2013. A single dose of 5 liters per hectare was used for the three strains (108 CFC.ml-1) and a three-way mixture of the strains; and compared with a dose of 10 tons of vermicompost and chemical fertilization (78 kg N per hectare). A second experiment evaluated Azospirillum for its potential to substitute chemical fertilizer in proportions of 0, 25, 50 and 75%. A dose of 5 L/ha (108 CFU.ml-1) was used for all treatments and compared to the dose of 100% of chemical fertilizer. Two of the strains and the three-way yielded similar forage biomass (3.65 to 3.93 t/ha) as the chemical fertilizer (4.12 t/ha). Fertilization with vermicompost was lower (3.56 t/ha). A decline in rainfall from 2012 to 2013 reduced the grass biomass 25% when chemical fertilization was applied (4.07 vs 3.08 t/ha). In the second experiment, no significant differences were found in biomass yields for all treatments with Azospirillum or chemical fertilizer (2.97 vs 3.08 t/ha). Azospirillum has potential to maintain the productivity of African star grass under a grazing system, but further research is required to define the number of applications per year to maintain a constant effect.

Uso de Azospirrillum spp. como biofertilizante en la producción de estrella africana (Cynodon nlemfuensis)

Azospirillum is a free-nitrogen fixing bacterium, isolated from rhizosphere and intracellular spaces of the roots of several plants. Numerous reports have shown the improvement of plant growth and crop yield upon Azospirillum inoculation to plants. The observed plant response to Azospirillum has been attributed to several mechanisms that could be operating simultaneously, among them the production of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by the bacterium. This review considers the complex biosynthetic production of IAA in Azospirillum. Three tryptophan-dependent pathways, which are generally named after an intermediate, have been proposed to be occurring in Azospirillum. The indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPyA) route which is likely the most important, the tryptamine pathway, and the indole-3-acetonitrile route, and one pathway Trp-independent using an indolic Trp precursor; however none of them are fully elucidated. Biochemical studies showed two aromatic aminotransferases (AATs) enzymatic activity from A. brasilense and four from A. lipoferum, which could be involved in IPyA synthesis. The ipdC gene coding the key enzyme phenyl-3-pyruvate decarboxylase (PPDC) of IPyA pathway was identified from several strains. Interestingly, ipdC from A. brasilense Sp245 strain is up regulated by IAA, and all genes ipdC identified are expressed in association with the plant. The anthranilate synthase catalyzing the conversion of chorismate to anthranilate which. It is the initial reaction in Trp biosynthesis codified by trpE(G), and two copies occur in A. brasilense genome. It was demonstrated that both trpE(G) genes participate in IAA synthesis and are differentially regulated. Therefore, A. brasilense has a plenty pool of Trp for IAA synthesis. Other proteins play a role in IAA production such as the ClpX stress protein, as well as an outer membrane protein and a protein involved in transport of Fe+3.

/pdf/produccion-del-acido-indol-3-acetico-en-azospirillum-1bzkkn7yhf.pdf

Producción del ácido indol-3-acético en Azospirillum

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Producción del ácido indol-3-acético en Azospirillum