https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00457602/document

A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests

Large-scale biogeographical shifts in vegetation are predicted in response to the altered precipitation and temperature regimes associated with global climate change. Vegetation shifts have profound ecological impacts and are an important climate-ecosystem feedback through their alteration of carbon, water, and energy exchanges of the land surface. Of particular concern is the potential for warmer temperatures to compound the effects of increasingly severe droughts by triggering widespread vegetation shifts via woody plant mortality. The sensitivity of tree mortality to temperature is dependent on which of 2 non-mutually-exclusive mechanisms predominates—temperature-sensitive carbon starvation in response to a period of protracted water stress or temperature-insensitive sudden hydraulic failure under extreme water stress (cavitation). Here we show that experimentally induced warmer temperatures (≈4 °C) shortened the time to drought-induced mortality in Pinus edulis (pinon shortened pine) trees by nearly a third, with temperature-dependent differences in cumulative respiration costs implicating carbon starvation as the primary mechanism of mortality. Extrapolating this temperature effect to the historic frequency of water deficit in the southwestern United States predicts a 5-fold increase in the frequency of regional-scale tree die-off events for this species due to temperature alone. Projected increases in drought frequency due to changes in precipitation and increases in stress from biotic agents (e.g., bark beetles) would further exacerbate mortality. Our results demonstrate the mechanism by which warmer temperatures have exacerbated recent regional die-off events and background mortality rates. Because of pervasive projected increases in temperature, our results portend widespread increases in the extent and frequency of vegetation die-off.

https://www7.nau.edu/mpcer/direnet/publications/publications_a/files/Adams_et_al_2009.pdf

Temperature sensitivity of drought-induced tree mortality portends increased regional die-off under global-change-type drought

http://www.orobievive.net/conoscere/bostrico.pdf

Ecology and management of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus—a review of recent research

https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/1000120986/83353716

A first assessment of the impact of the extreme 2018 summer drought on Central European forests

Current climatic trends involve both increasing temperatures and climatic variability, with extreme events becoming more frequent. Increasing concern on extreme climatic events has triggered research on vegetation shifts. However, evidences of vegetation shifts resulting from these events are still relatively rare. Empirical evidence supports the existence of stabilizing processes minimizing and counteracting the effects of these events, reinforcing community resilience. We propose a demographic framework to understand this inertia to change based on the balance between adult mortality induced by the event and enhanced recruitment or adult survival after the event. The stabilizing processes potentially contributing to this compensation include attenuation of the adult mortality caused by the event, due to site quality variability, to tolerance, phenotypic variability, and plasticity at population level, and to facilitative interactions. Mortality compensation may also occur by increasing future survival due to beneficial effect on growth and survival of the new conditions derived from global warming and increased climatic variability, to lowered competition resulting from reduced density in affected stands, or to antagonistic release when pathogens or predators are vulnerable to the event or the ongoing climatic conditions. Finally, mortality compensation may appear by enhanced recruitment due to release of competition with established vegetation, for instance as a consequence of gap openings after event-caused mortality, or to the new conditions, which may be more favorable for seedling establishment, or to enhanced mutualistic interactions (pollination, dispersal). There are important challenges imposed by the need of long-term studies, but a research agenda focused on potentially stabilizing processes is well suited to understand the variety of responses, including lack of sudden changes and community inertia that are frequently observed in vegetation under extreme events. This understanding is crucial for the establishment of sound management strategies and actions addressed to improve ecosystem resilience under climate change scenarios.

Extreme climatic events and vegetation: the role of stabilizing processes

Development of the bark beetle (Scolytidae) fauna in windthrow areas in Switzerland

the Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky. 1853) is an invasive, trcekilling species native to East Asia, which was introduced to North America in 1996 and to Europe in 2001. In 201 I, the first findings of 4 living adult beetles as well as numerous egg depositions in maples (Acer pseudoplatanus) were documented in a village in Canton Freiburg. In 2012, a mass infestation, mostly of maples, was detected in the city of Winterthur (Canton Zurich). Approximately 150 adult beetles, numerous larvae and new ovipositions were recorded on around 120 infested trees. In both years, several additional incidences of dead beetles and living larvae were detected on pallets with Chinese granite curbstones at Rhine ports near Basel and some inland construction sites. The Win¬ terthur population probably represented the third generation after the first infestation, which most 'ikely occurred six years ago. and the unnoticed emergence of two generations two and four years later. Control measures include the felling of infested trees and meticulously checking for infestation signs on nearby potential host trees, assisted by trained sniffer dogs. The species most frequently mis¬ taken for A. glabripennis. because they look alike, are presented.

First records and reproductions of the Asian longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in Switzerland.

The predicted increase in temperature, dry summers, and extreme meteorological events will affect many harmful species both by directly accelerating their propagation rates as well as by weakening their host plants. There might also be shifts in the interrelations in species communities that can hardly be predicted. Some fungal species, that had previously been inconspicuous, caused notable damages in the drought periods of the last two decades. Higher winter temperatures often increase the survival rates of many fungal and insect species. Because hot and dry summers are likely to become more frequent and heavy storms tend to occur more often, an increase in massive outbreaks of bark beetles with corresponding damage is to be expected. As a result of global trade, more invasive alien fungi and insects are introduced into Europe where the climatic conditions become more favorable for them to establish themselves on native or introduced host trees.Insects and diseases can have a profound impact on forest dy...

/pdf/forstliche-schadorganismen-im-zeichen-des-klimawandels-2u0jluzkgg.pdf

Forstliche schadorganismen im Zeichen des Klimawandels

The northern bark beetle (Ips duplicatus), in Europe originally restricted to northern countries, expanded its distribution range to eastern Europe in the 20th century and is now causing considerable damage in spruce forests. In the past decades its presence has been confirmed in several Central European countries. By means of pheromone traps and visual inspection of infested logs, in this study we demonstrate that I. duplicatus is also present in the Rhine valley in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Breeding galleries with beetles and exit holes in an infested spruce log indicate that the trapped beetles had successfully developed in a local stand nearby. An inquiry addressed to European entomologists was carried out to obtain information and references concerning the year of the first record or mention of I. duplicatus in their respective countries. This information substantiated the expansion of its historical range to the southeast in the middle of the last century and clearly showed recent movement westward, with Switzerland and Germany currently the westernmost countries where this species occurs. This recent range expansion is likely attributed to the transport of infested timber. The economic significance of this expanding bark beetle species is discussed in view of its co-occurrence with the notorious pest species I. typographus.

Tracking the spread of the northern bark beetle (Ips duplicatus [Sahlb.]) in Europe and first records from Switzerland and Liechtenstein

Die amerikanische Eichennetzwanze Corythucha arcuata (Say) (Heteroptera, Tingidae) hat die Südschweiz erreicht

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