With widespread use of raster scan displays and the ever-increasing desire for faster interactivity, higher image complexity, and higher resolution in displayed images, several techniques have been proposed for rasterizing primitive graphical objects. This paper characterizes the performance of these techniques and shows how they evolve for more complex images on higher resolution displays. This characterization will not only show the strengths and deficiencies of existing rasterization techniques, but will also reveal new architectures for future raster graphics systems.

A characterization of ten rasterization techniques

In this paper we propose that bitmaps, or raster images, should be given full citizen status in the world of computer science. We introduce a calculus of bitmap operations and MUMBLE, a programming language appropriate for describing bitmap computations. We illustrate the use of MUMBLE by several interesting graphical applications. We also discuss the structure of BOP, an efficient implementation of the bitmap calculus that is the underpinning of our system.

A language for bitmap manipulation

This paper describes a display system designed to make the recording and rearrangement of bits in a frame-buffer display system convenient and rapid. The advantage of frame-buffer displays is that because the intensity of each pixel can be specified independently, any picture can be displayed. The disadvantage is that a great many bits in the frame-buffer memory must be changed to make major changes in the picture. The 8 by 8 display described in this paper gets its name from the fact that in a single memory cycle it can access any 8 by 8 square of pixels. Internal shifters and special memory addressing circuits are provided to make the access independent of word boundaries in the memory. Pixel manipulation functions are included to process the 64 pixels thus accessed, mask them, overwrite them with new information, or combine them logically with other pixels. The resulting data can be stored into any other 8 by 8 square of pixels in a subsequent memory cycle. Looping mechanisms implemented in microcode provide RasterOp functions that transfer information from any rectangular area of the display to any other area with or without intervening pixelmodification operations. The prototype system is able to copy the entire 768 by 1024 array of the display in 52 ms, or two frame times. The ability to rearrange data quickly has proved to be an asset for character generation, line drawing, and picture construction, as well as for scrolling and other rearrangements of material already displayed on the screen. A simple model is developed to compare the performance of the 8 by 8 memory system with conventional frame-buffer organization. Execution traces of Smalltalk display programs are applied to the model to obtain figures of merit for different hardware organizations.

The 8 by 8 display

Computer graphics and CAD literature—A keyword-indexed bibliography

Both academic researchers and commercial concerns are increasingly interested in applying VLSI technologies to graphics systems: 


For researchers, graphics systems offer an attractive model for study of computer architectures in VLSI: these systems have a small well-defined set of operations and simple data and control structures, making these systems ripe for applying parallelism and modularization techniques; many of these systems, especially the interactive high-resolution color ones, have severe computation demands that are unfulfilled by solutions embodied in current systems.


For commercial concerns, there is a rapidly increasing market for interactive graphics systems as personal workstations in which graphics displays replace text-only terminals.



In this paper, we cover: a) the conceptual organization of a “generic” graphics system and its realization in several state-of-the-art commercial products; b) the architecture of several recent VLSI chips and systems and their likely effect on the organization of future graphics systems; c) the architecture of several VLSI-based systems that are currently subjects of research. The design strategies used in these systems — the structure of parallelism, intertwining of data and computation, the tradeoff between custom and off-the-shelf parts — may provide insights into other applications as well.

VLSI-Architectures for Computer Graphics.

A frame buffer architecture is presented that reduces the overhead of frame buffer updating by three means. First, the bit-map memory is (x,y) addressable, whereby a string of pixels can be accesse...

High-performance raster graphics for microcomputer systems

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High-performance raster graphics for microcomputer systems