All life forms across the globe are experiencing drastic changes in environmental conditions as a result of global climate change. These environmental changes are happening rapidly, incur substantial socioeconomic costs, pose threats to biodiversity and diminish a species' potential to adapt to future environments. Understanding and monitoring how organisms respond to human-driven climate change is therefore a major priority for the conservation of biodiversity in a rapidly changing environment. Recent developments in genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic technologies are enabling unprecedented insights into the evolutionary processes and molecular bases of adaptation. This Review summarizes methods that apply and integrate omics tools to experimentally investigate, monitor and predict how species and communities in the wild cope with global climate change, which is by genetically adapting to new environmental conditions, through range shifts or through phenotypic plasticity. We identify advantages and limitations of each method and discuss future research avenues that would improve our understanding of species' evolutionary responses to global climate change, highlighting the need for holistic, multi-omics approaches to ecosystem monitoring during global climate change. 

Genomics for monitoring and understanding species responses to global climate change.

Diverse ecologically important metabolites, such as allelochemicals, infochemicals and volatile organic chemicals, are involved in marine organismal interactions. Chemically mediated interactions between intra- and interspecific organisms can have a significant impact on community organization, population structure and ecosystem functioning. Advances in analytical techniques, microscopy and genomics are providing insights on the chemistry and functional roles of the metabolites involved in such interactions. This review highlights the targeted translational value of several marine chemical ecology-driven research studies and their impact on the sustainable discovery of novel therapeutic agents. These chemical ecology-based approaches include activated defense, allelochemicals arising from organismal interactions, spatio-temporal variations of allelochemicals and phylogeny-based approaches. In addition, innovative analytical techniques used in the mapping of surface metabolites as well as in metabolite translocation within marine holobionts are summarized. Chemical information related to the maintenance of the marine symbioses and biosyntheses of specialized compounds can be harnessed for biomedical applications, particularly in microbial fermentation and compound production. Furthermore, the impact of climate change on the chemical ecology of marine organisms—especially on the production, functionality and perception of allelochemicals—and its implications on drug discovery efforts will be presented.

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Impact of Marine Chemical Ecology Research on the Discovery and Development of New Pharmaceuticals

The role of fiscal expenditure on science and technology in carbon reduction: Evidence from provincial data in China

Although extremely challenging, it is highly desirable to develop self-healing materials that exhibit high efficiency under environmental conditions for marine protection applications. In this work, polyurethane elastomers with hydrogen bond and dimethylglyoxime–urethane (DOU) coordination complex were combined with in-situ dual-functional BiOI@Bi2S3 to synthesize high-efficiency photothermal cyclic self-healing antibacterial coating. The photothermal efficiency of BiOI@Bi2S3 is improved by 38% through interfacial regulation. BiOI@Bi2S3/PU rapidly rises by 50.2 °C within 300 s under near-infrared (NIR) light, which can trigger the hydrogen bond of polyurethane coating and recover the barrier properties of the coating through self-healing. Density functional theory was used to simulate and analyze the generation of multiple electron transfer paths after the vulcanization of BiOI, which improves the interfacial mobility of photogenerated carriers and generates more heat. Importantly, molecular dynamics verified the self-healing mechanism of hydrogen bond and the photothermal lifting mechanism of the coating. After 5th scratches and self-healing cycle tests, the coating has a self-healing efficiency of more than 80%, which can ensure the self-healing and anticorrosion protection performance of the coating for multiple cycles. The photocatalytic and photothermal properties of BiOI@Bi2S3 enhance the antibacterial rate of the coating up to 99%. This work provides heuristic perspectives for the design of coatings with anti-corrosion, antibacterial and self-healing properties. 

High efficiency photothermal cyclic self-healing antibacterial coating based on in-situ dual-functional BiOI@Bi2S3

Tipping points of marine phytoplankton to multiple environmental stressors

Impacts of global warming on marine microbial communities.

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Impacts of global warming on marine microbial communities.