The present study was conducted to synthesize and characterize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the ethanol extract of Euphorbia dracunculoides (EEE). AgNPs were synthesized by mixing the EEE solution with silver nitrate solution at different ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, v/v). The structure and characteristics of synthesized AgNPs were studied by SEM (Scanning electron microscopy), Energy dispersive X- rays (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR. The EEE and synthesized AgNPs were subjected to investigate antioxidant, phytotoxic, cytotoxic and analgesic activities. Change in color of the solution to dark brown was the indicator of AgNPs synthesis in the EEE solution. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed maximum absorbency at 1:1 in the range of 400-500. EDX profile showed strong signal silver atom. XRD analysis indicated the crystalline shape of face-centered cubic AgNPs. FTIR analysis identified molecules responsible for the reduction of silver ion and capping. The peak (1396 cm-1) present in EEE disappears in the AgNPs indicated that -C-H bending (alkane) bound to synthesized AgNPs. SEM showed that the shape of AgNPs was spherical and its size ranged from 14.0-45.6 nm. The antiradical activity of EEE and AgNPs showed minimum absorbency 34.2% and 71.4% at 1000 µg/mL, respectively. Brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay of EEE and AgNPs showed 100% lethality at 1000 µg/mL. Phytotoxicity of EEE showed 40.2% inhibition of fronds while AgNPs showed 69.0% inhibition of fronds at 1000 µg/mL. The analgesic effect was dose-dependent. EEE and AgNPs showed maximum MLT 19.4 (129.4%) and 19.22 (135.7%) at 300 µg/mL, respectively. It could be concluded that EEE and synthesized AgNPs had potent pharmacological traits.

http://www.ejobios.org/download/synthesis-characteristics-and-biological-activities-of-silver-nanoparticles-from-euphorbia-7399.pdf

Synthesis, characteristics and biological activities of silver nanoparticles from Euphorbia dracunculoides

  
Liver cirrhosis is a medical condition characterized by atrophy, fibrosis and physiological malfunctioning of the liver. This ailment may or may not be associated with liver carcinoma, which can be diagnosed via alphafetoprotein (AFP) blood test. The liver is a multi-tasking organ responsible for enzyme synthesis and toxin degradation; the patient with cirrhosis falls prone to various health issues such as jaundice, malaise, nausea, fatigue, swellings, loss of appetite, accumulation of fluid in the abdominal spaces, weight loss etc. This hepatic pathology, in later stages, is fatal. This disease leads to the annual mortality of 4000 lives in the UK and is the 12th major life-threatening disease in the USA. Chronic infection with HCV (hepatitis C virus), HBV (hepatitis B virus), and alcohol consumption are major factors of liver cirrhosis. Due to its slower progression (as it develops over months), liver cirrhosis can be detected earlier via diagnostic tools like CT (Computed Tomography) scan, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) scan, liver biopsy etc. Liver cirrhosis is the major reason for liver transplants around the world. It is more common in males than females and is prevalent in developing countries. Pakistan has an enormous burden of liver cirrhosis. This article briefly discusses the recent developments in the understanding of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and frequency of liver cirrhosis in the Pakistani population.

An overview of hepatitis c virus and liver cirrhosis in pakistan

A wide variety of plants in the Philippines are used to address several medical ailments; however, many of which have not yet undergone thorough pharmacological studies. The problem on the possible side effects caused by these medicinal preparations has, therefore, increased the interest in validating their safety for human use. The present study was conducted to determine the cytotoxicity of five common local medicinal plants. Annona muricata L., Cymbopogon citratus DC., Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff, Jatropha curcas L., and Piper betle L. were selected and subjected to crude aqueous leaf extraction. Extracts were then investigated for cytotoxicity potential using brine shrimp lethality assay. The experiment resulted in median lethal time (LT50) values ranging between 21.23 to 24.06 hours. In addition, all these extracts had median lethal concentrations (LC50) lower than 1.00 mg/mL, suggesting the presence of cytotoxic constituents that could further be investigated both for safety and for anticancer potential.

/pdf/assessment-of-cytotoxic-activity-of-five-common-philippine-5249g1j94c.pdf

Assessment of Cytotoxic Activity of Five Common Philippine Medicinal Plants Using Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay

Abstract Hepatitis is a major public health issue, affecting 10–17 million people worldwide, with its prevalence continuously increasing. The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is responsible for liver related diseases, which include liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and chronic hepatitis. Pakistan is experiencing a serious rise in HCV cases. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and distribution of HCV genotypes in Sindh, Pakistan. Serum samples from HCV-positive patients were collected from various local hospitals in Sindh. These samples were first screened for HCV antibodies using ELISA. Samples that tested positive for HCV RNA underwent further genotyping through sequencing using the standard Sanger method. The genotypes were identified by comparing the sequences with those available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The phylogenetic analysis showed that all isolates in this study were clustered with genotypes 3a and 3b, except for one sequence that was clustered with genotype 1a. No isolates were found to be clustered with reference genomes of genotypes 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 suggesting that genotype 3a is endemic in this region. The analyzed sequences demonstrated a 98% similarity with reference and isolated sequences. In summary, sequencing of the HCV 5′ UTR essential for identifying the predominant genotype of HCV RNA in the Sindh region Further research on the distribution of HCV genotypes in other regions of Pakistan could aid in improving screening processes, identifying more effective treatment options, and developing suitable prevention strategies. 

Determination of hepatitis C virus subtype prevalent in Sindh, Pakistan: a phylogenetic analysis

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a single-stranded enveloped virus with a ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome of approximately 9.6 kb that predominantly infects the liver. The main objective of the current research was to determine the unknown HCV genotypes by analyzing the 5 '-untranslated region (5 '-UTR) to identify different genotypes and classify them by their phylogenetic relationships.Methods: Serum samples (104) were taken from untyped chronic HCV isolates, and cDNA was synthesized using reverse transcriptase enzyme. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the 5 '-UTR followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The 5 '-UTR amplified products were sequenced by the Sanger method. Evolutionary analysis was performed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7 (MEGA7) software.Results: 104 untyped chronic HCV patients were studied, representing the higher frequency of males (62%). Out of the total, nine samples of 5 '-UTR products were sequenced for genotype confirmation. In the phylogenetic analysis, genotype 3 was reported to be 89% (3a 77%, 3b 11%) and 11% unknown genotype. Overall, in the phylogenetic tree, the 5 '-UTR sequences were successfully clustered in a clad with the reference sequences of genotype 3a, and 3b, while one sequence showed an unknown genotype.Conclusions: The study concludes that genotype 3 is predominant, and identification of genotypes by this procedure is an accurate and alternative method.

Genetic Variability of Untypable Hepatitis C Virus Isolates Based on 5′-Untranslated Region

3 Abstract: Euphorbia granulata Forssk is a medicinal plant used in many countries for treating different ailments. The present investigations were focused on cytotoxic activity of this plant using brine shrimp lethality bioassay. 2% lethality was recorded with negative control and 0.01mg/ml while no lethality occurred with 0.1 and 1.0mg/ml of extracts. The lowest toxic level (2.5% lethality) noted was 2mg/ml while the high toxic level (97.5% lethality) was 25mg/ml. The extract had LD of 16.21mg/ml against brine shrimp larvae. The overall 50 results suggest that the extracts had no toxicity at standard concentrations, but toxic at high dose above 2 mg.

Cytotoxic Activity Evaluation of Euphorbia granulata Forssk

extract. Results: The mortality of aqueous extract was 46.7%, methanol extract was 46.7%, ethanolic extract was 50.0%, ethyl acetate was 26.7%, acetone extract was 33.3%, chloroform extract was 40.0% and n-hexane extract was 33.3%. The lowest LD50 was found in methanol extracts (1 199.97 µg/mL). Brine shrimp cytotoxicity of tested extracts of H. rhamnoides showed that mortality rate was concentration dependent. Conclusions: It is concluded that bioactive components are present in all leaves extracts of H. rhamnoides, which could be accounted for its pharmacological effects. Thus, the results support the uses of this plant species in traditional medicine.

Brine shrimp cytotoxic activities of Hippophae rhamnoides Linn leaves extracts

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a small, single-stranded RNA virus with a 9.6 kb genome, is one of the most common causes of liver diseases. Sequencing of the 5ʹ untranslated region (UTR) is usually used for HCV genotyping, but it is less important in numerous subtypes due to its scarce sequence variations. This study aimed to identify genotypes using the 5ʹ UTR of HCV from cirrhotic patients of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP). Serum RNA samples (44) were screened by real time PCR to determine the HCV viral load. Nested PCR was performed to identify cDNA and the 5ʹ UTR. The HCV 5′ UTR was sequenced using the Sanger method. MEGA-7 software was used to analyze evolutionary relatedness. After 5ʹ UTR sequencing, 26 samples (59%) were identified as genotype 3, and 2 samples (6%) were identified as genotypes 1, 2 and 4. The most predominant genotype was 3a, and genotype 4 was rarely reported in the phylogenetic tree. Analysis of the HCV 5ʹ UTR is an efficient alternative method for confirmation of various genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that genotype 3 was dominant in the area of KP, Pakistan.

/pdf/phylogenetic-analysis-of-the-5-untranslated-region-of-hcv-1u0nkiszoz.pdf

Phylogenetic analysis of the 5ʹ untranslated region of HCV from cirrhotic patients in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Bashir Ahmad

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Cytotoxic Activity Evaluation of Euphorbia granulata Forssk

Brine shrimp cytotoxic activities of Hippophae rhamnoides Linn leaves extracts

Phylogenetic analysis of the 5ʹ untranslated region of HCV from cirrhotic patients in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan