Several insect pests are related to the cultivation of conilon coffee, Coffea canephora (Rubiaceae), including (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha). Coccoids damage plants by sucking their sap, producing honeydew, and transmitting viruses. Parasitoids and predators are natural enemies that regulate the insect population and can be used in mealybug biological control. This study aimed to survey scale insects and natural enemies associated with C. canephora in the city of Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil. Two species of mealybugs from the family Coccidae and three from the family Pseudococcidae were collected in different plant structures. Natural enemies collected comprised hymenopteran parasitoids from the families Aphelinidae, Eulophidae, Encyrtidae, and Perilampidae; predator beetles of the family Coccinellidae; dipterans from the family Cecidomyiidae; and thrips of the family Aeolothripidae. This is the first report of the mealybug species Coccus brasiliensis, Pseudococcus longispinus, and Pseudococcus cryptus; of the parasitoids Coccophagus rusti, Aprostocetus sp., Aenasius advena, Aenasius fusciventris, Aenasius pseudococci, and Perilampus sp.; and of the predators Cycloneda conjugata, Pseudoazya nana, Diadiplosis coccidivora, Diadiplosis sp., and Franklinothrips vespiformis, associated with C. canephora. Knowledge of mealybug species and their respective natural enemies will contribute to biological control strategies in planning the integrated management of mealybugs associated with conilon coffee.

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/4/829/pdf?version=1680607546

Scale Insects and Natural Enemies Associated with Conilon Coffee (Coffea canephora) in São Paulo State, Brazil

.— A survey of the parasitoid species of black scale, Saissetia oleae (Olivier), in California central valley olive orchards revealed that two recently imported parasitoids, Prococcophagus probus Annecke & Mynhardt and Coccophagus rusti Compere, have become established. These South African parasitoids were released from 1979 to 1983. During the release period, neither parasitoid was recovered. However, subsequent to the release, surveys of distribution of these species revealed that both had become established. In the first survey (1984-1987), 23 commercial olive orchards located in Tehama, Glenn, Madera, and Tulare Counties, were sampled. A second survey (1988-1990) included seven olive orchards located in Tehama and Madera Counties, and black scale infestations on selected ornamental olive and oleander plants in Tehama, Colusa, Sutter, Glenn, and Butte Counties. Prococcophagus probus and C. rusti were reared from black scale infested olive and oleander plants in Tehama County. Recovery of these species, over the three years after the last release, provides evidence of their establishment in the Sacramento Valley.

Parasitoids of black scale in california: establishment of prococcophagus probus

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Parasitoids of black scale in california: establishment of prococcophagus probus