A comprehensive review of solid oxide fuel cells operating on various promising alternative fuels

Recent progress in direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell: Advanced anode catalysts, diversified carbon fuels, and heat management

Irreplaceable carbon boosts Li-O2 batteries: From mechanism research to practical application

Application progress of small-scale proton exchange membrane fuel cell

In recent years the use of renewable sources, such as lignocellulosic biomass (LCB), as the fuel for various types of fuel cells received growing interest. Different types of fuel cells, that is, operated at low temperatures (T<100 °C; microbial fuel cells (MFC), alkaline (AFCs) and flow fuel cells (FFCs)), intermediate temperatures (T in the range 150-300 °C, proton-conducting inorganic-organic composite membrane fuel cells), and high temperatures (T≥500 °C, direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs)), have been used for the conversion of the chemical energy in LCB to electrical energy. The economic advantage of the direct use of LCB consists of avoiding the acid hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose for low-temperature fuel cells and the pretreatment at high temperatures necessary to convert biomass to biochar (pyrolysis) in the case of high-temperature fuel cells. In this Review, the characteristics of direct biomass fuel cells are presented and their performance is compared with that of indirect biomass fuel cells fed with glucose (low-temperature fuel cells) and biochar (high-temperature fuel cells).

Lignocellulose, Cellulose and Lignin as Renewable Alternative Fuels for Direct Biomass Fuel Cells.

Raw and charred walnut shells were investigated as solid fuels in direct carbon solid fuel cells operating within the temperature range 600–850 °C. Char was prepared by means of thermal processing of pulverised shells in a quartz reactor within a temperature range of 400–850 °C. Elemental analysis identified high carbon and marginally low sulphur contents in char obtained from biomass-derived solid waste. With increased temperatures, a greater degree of carbonisation of raw material was observed in the char, along with reduced sulphur and hydrogen contents. XRD and Raman spectroscopy investigations showed that the char samples were characterised by a disordered carbon structure. The particles were characterised by the presence of smaller isometric particles as well as a porous structure. Thermogravimetric analysis performed in a pure CO2 gas atmosphere within a temperature range of 25–850 °C demonstrated a substantial loss of mass due to CO production via the Boudouard reaction. Tests showed that DC-SOFCs supplied by char obtained from walnut shells were characterised by stable operation with reasonably satisfactory levels of current and power density. A significant improvement was noted in the performance of a DC-SOFC supplied by all forms of char when CO2, as opposed to N2, was used as the shielding gas in the anode chamber.

The usefulness of walnut shells as waste biomass fuels in direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells

The paper presents a brief analysis of the potential use of hydrogen-oxygen low-temperature fuel cells with proton-exchange membrane fuel-cell stacks as power sources for the construction of drive units powering unmanned aerial vehicles. Hydrogen storage methods are discussed. Characteristics of selected aspects of monitoring the electrical and non-electrical operating parameters of a drive unit with fuel cells were investigated, with respect to the fuel cell, fuel-cell cooling system, and gas reagent supplying the system with hydrogen and air. Hydrogen fuel consumption for the production of electricity and purification, or so-called purge, was analysed. Based on the results of laboratory tests of the parameters of a generator with fuel cells, an exemplary method of monitoring operating parameters and controlling power sources involving fuel cells is proposed.

/pdf/monitoring-of-the-operating-parameters-a-low-temperature-1r51l1d12h.pdf

Monitoring of the Operating Parameters a Low-Temperature Fuel-Cell Stack for Applications in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Part II

The comprehensive results regarding the physicochemical properties of carbonaceous materials that are obtained from pistachio shells support their usage as solid fuels to supply direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells (DC-SOFCs). The influence of preparation conditions on variations in the chemical composition, morphology of the biochar powders, and degree of graphitization of carbonaceous materials were investigated. Based on structural investigations (X-ray diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy), it was observed that disordered carbon particles developed during the application of thermal treatments. The use of X-ray fluorescence enabled a comparative analysis of the chemical composition of the inorganic matter in biocarbon-based samples. Additionally, the gasification of carbonaceous-based samples vs. time at a temperature of 850 °C was investigated in a H2O or CO2 gas atmosphere. The analysis demonstrated the conversion rate of biochar obtained from pistachio shells to H2, CH4 and CO during steam gasification. The electrochemical investigations of the DC-SOFCs that were supplied with biochars obtained from pistachio shells were characterized by satisfactory values for the current and power densities at a temperature range of 700-850 °C. However, a higher power output of the DC-SOFCs was observed when CO2 was introduced to the anode chamber. Therefore, the impact of the Boudouard reaction on the performance of DC-SOFCs was confirmed. The chars that were prepared from pistachio shells were adequate for solid fuels for utilization in DC-SOFCs.

The Utilisation of Solid Fuels Derived from Waste Pistachio Shells in Direct Carbon Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.

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The usefulness of walnut shells as waste biomass fuels in direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells

Monitoring of the Operating Parameters a Low-Temperature Fuel-Cell Stack for Applications in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Part II

The Utilisation of Solid Fuels Derived from Waste Pistachio Shells in Direct Carbon Solid Oxide Fuel Cells.