Identifying changes in the spatial structure of cities is a prerequisite for the development and validation of adequate planning strategies. Nevertheless, current methods of measurement are becomin...

/pdf/revealing-centrality-in-the-spatial-structure-of-cities-from-2drgirbm8d.pdf

Revealing centrality in the spatial structure of cities from human activity patterns

Despite the advantages of polycentric structure and its rich literature drawn from cities in industialized countries, little attention has been paid to the study of polycentric urban development in developing countries based on land-use information. With Hangzhou used as a case study, the authors investigate polycentric urban development through an analysis of directions of urban expan- sion, urban^rural gradients, and growth types. The multidisciplinary methodology employed, based on theories and methods in remote sensing, geographic information systems, and landscape ecology, has been proved to be useful in the morphological study of polycentric urban development. It was found that Hangzhou has expanded in different directions at various speeds, shifting to a polycentric urban pattern through radial expansion. Along the main transportation corridors, the values of the mean patch sizes of urban patches displayed multiple peaks, and the landscape-shape index main- tained a horizontal trend in urban fringes, reflecting the formation of polycentricity. Further, as edge growth and spontaneous growth accounted for 40%^50% and 30^40% of urban growth, respec- tively, and infill growth was responsible for only a small proportion of urban growth, it is suggested that dispersed urban patches have been increasingly agglomerated into big ones, especially along road corridors. Hangzhou's polycentric urban development was shaped both by the planning efforts of the government and by market forces. The municipal government guided the polycentric development through drafting and revising master plans, annexing nearby districts, and establishing development zones. Nevertheless, market forces played an increasingly important role in Hangzhou's polycentric development through the implementation of an urban land market, the inflow of migrant workers, and the relocation of industries.

Polycentric urban development: the case of Hangzhou

A quarter of the European population lives in 'polycentric urban regions' (PURs): clusters of historically and administratively distinct but proximate and well-connected cities of relatively similar size. This paper explores whether tighter integration can increase agglomeration benefits at the PUR-level. We provide the first comprehensive list of European PURs (117 in total), establish their level of functional, institutional and cultural integration and measure whether this affects their performance. 'Performance' is defined as the extent to which urbanisation economies have developed, proxied by the presence of metropolitan functions. In this first-ever cross-sectional analysis of PURs we find that while there is evidence for all dimensions of integration having a positive effect, particularly functional integration has great significance. Regarding institutional integration, it appears that having some form of metropolitan co-operation is more important than its exact shape. Theoretically, our results substantiate the assumption that networks may substitute for proximity.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/tesg.12292

Beyond Polycentricity : Does Stronger Integration Between Cities in Polycentric Urban Regions Improve Performance?

Scholarship abounds on the importance of city-regions to regional and national prosperity, and to the wider global economy. But little is known about their capacity to function as effective, legitimate and robust policy actors. This article begins to address the important question of what determines the governance capacity of city-regions by unpacking the concepts at the core of this research. It focuses on sources of horizontal capacity as a function of the strength of intermunicipal partnerships. Research suggests a variety of determinants of the strength of inter municipal partnerships, from rational choice to institutional perspectives. This article acknowledges the contribution of these approaches, but argues that none of the approaches presented to date can alone explain observed variations in the strength and capacity of city-regional partnerships. Instead the article presents an alternative theoretical framework that reimagines and combines existing approaches, and introduces the concept of civic capital as a critical determinant of governance capacity. Resume De nombreux travaux de recherches soulignent combien les regions metropolitaines sont importantes pour la prosperite regionale et nationale, et pour l'economie mondiale en general. Pourtant, on en sait peu sur leur capacitea operer comme acteurs efficaces, legitimes et solides des politiques publiques. En revenant sur les concepts fondamentaux de ces etudes, l'article traite d'abord un point important: les facteurs determinants de la capacite de gouvernance des regions metropolitaines. Il s'attache aux sources de capacite horizontale en fonction de la solidite des partenariats intercommunaux. Les etudes suggerent tout un eventail de facteurs de cette solidite, allant du choix rationnel aux perspectives institutionnelles. Toutes les approches presentees a ce jour contribuent au debat general, mais aucune ne peut expliquer a elle seule les variations observees dans la solidite et la capacite des partenariats des regions metropolitaines. Un cadre theorique alternatif est presente dans cet article, permettant de reimaginer et de combiner les approches existantes, tout en introduisant le concept de capital civique comme facteur essentiel de la capacite de gouvernance.

Cooperation and Capacity? Exploring the Sources and Limits of City-Region Governance Partnerships

Second-tier cities have been experiencing renewed interest within policy and research contexts, which is reversing a tradition of relative neglect due to the long-standing focus on large cities and capitals. This paper compares European second-tier and first-tier cities with regard to the presence of urban functions and how these are spread over their urban regions. The analysis shows the existence of a substantial ‘first city bonus’: a surplus of urban functions in first-tier cities which cannot be explained by their size or network embeddedness. We also show that second-tier cities are better served with urban functions in the absence of a dominant capital. In first-tier urban regions, the core municipality exploits the critical mass of the urban region to support its own functions, leaving that region functionally underserved. Second-tier cities lack this absorptive capacity, and their urban regions are endowed with more urban functions. These functional differences mean that second-tier cities demand a differentiated research and policy approach, in which city-regional integration becomes an important territorial development strategy. Rather than the dispersion process in first-tier cities leading to a ‘regionalization of the city’, integration in second-tier urban regions may be seen as a process of ‘citification of the region’.

/pdf/contrasts-between-first-tier-and-second-tier-cities-in-2grlfewtqq.pdf

Contrasts between first-tier and second-tier cities in Europe: a functional perspective

Polycentricism: Boon or barrier to metropolitan competitiveness? The case of the Randstad Holland

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Polycentricism: Boon or barrier to metropolitan competitiveness? The case of the Randstad Holland