Large-scale storage of hydrogen

Fossil fuels comprising coal, crude oil, and natural gas are non-renewable and greatly harmful to the environment. Hydrogen, on the other hand, is both sustainable and environmentally friendly. However, due to its light weight and gaseous nature, it presents challenging problems of its storage, and the practical hydrogen storage is perhaps the biggest hurdle in the success of the hydrogen economy on a large scale. Hydrogen can be stored in a variety of physical and chemical methods. Each storage technique has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is the subject of this study to review the hydrogen storage strategies and to survey the recent developments in the field. 

Hydrogen storage methods: Review and current status

A wide variety of metal borohydrides, MBH4, have been discovered and characterized during the past decade, revealing an extremely rich chemistry including fascinating structural flexibility and a wide range of compositions and physical properties. Metal borohydrides receive increasing interest within the energy storage field due to their extremely high hydrogen density and possible uses in batteries as solid state ion conductors. Recently, new types of physical properties have been explored in lanthanide-bearing borohydrides related to solid state phosphors and magnetic refrigeration. Two major classes of metal borohydride derivatives have also been discovered: anion-substituted compounds where the complex borohydride anion, BH4−, is replaced by another anion, i.e. a halide or amide ion; and metal borohydrides modified with neutral molecules, such as NH3, NH3BH3, N2H4, etc. Here, we review new synthetic strategies along with structural, physical and chemical properties for metal borohydrides, revealing a number of new trends correlating composition, structure, bonding and thermal properties. These new trends provide general knowledge and may contribute to the design and discovery of new metal borohydrides with tailored properties towards the rational design of novel functional materials. This review also demonstrates that there is still room for discovering new combinations of light elements including boron and hydrogen, leading to complex hydrides with extreme flexibility in composition, structure and properties.

Metal borohydrides and derivatives – synthesis, structure and properties

Future energy systems will be determined by the increasing relevance of solar and wind energy. Crude oil and gas prices are expected to increase in the long run, and penalties for CO2 emissions will become a relevant economic factor. Solar- and wind-powered electricity will become significantly cheaper, such that hydrogen produced from electrolysis will be competitively priced against hydrogen manufactured from natural gas. However, to handle the unsteadiness of system input from fluctuating energy sources, energy storage technologies that cover the full scale of power (in megawatts) and energy storage amounts (in megawatt hours) are required. Hydrogen, in particular, is a promising secondary energy vector for storing, transporting, and distributing large and very large amounts of energy at the gigawatt-hour and terawatt-hour scales. However, we also discuss energy storage at the 120–200-kWh scale, for example, for onboard hydrogen storage in fuel cell vehicles using compressed hydrogen storage. This arti...

Hydrogen Storage Technologies for Future Energy Systems

Large-vscale hydrogen production and storage technologies: Current status and future directions

Metal hydride material requirements for automotive hydrogen storage systems

Slurry-based chemical hydrogen storage systems for automotive fuel cell applications

System modeling methodology and analyses for materials-based hydrogen storage

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Metal hydride material requirements for automotive hydrogen storage systems

Slurry-based chemical hydrogen storage systems for automotive fuel cell applications

System modeling methodology and analyses for materials-based hydrogen storage