Based on extensive fieldwork in Sri Lanka, we analyze how the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) acquired legitimacy and how legitimation impacts civilian perceptions of the rebels. Despite the LTTE’s reliance on coercion to induce compliance, civilians also supported the LTTE and their imagined state of Tamil Eelam voluntarily. Different LTTE strategies and acts helped creating legitimacy. Effective forms of legitimation were rooted in Tamil nationalism, tradition, charismatic leadership, sacrifices made by LTTE cadres and the people’s need for protection. However, the strong reformative socio-political agenda of the LTTE largely failed to engender legitimacy among the population.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13698249.2017.1393265

Rebel Governance and Legitimacy: Understanding the Impact of Rebel Legitimation on Civilian Compliance with the LTTE Rule

This essay examines the confluence of local and global dynamics, exploring how transnational migration affects and is affected by gender roles, kinship relations, intergenerational obligations, and ideologies of parenthood. Journeying to the Middle East repeated on two-year labor contracts, many of Sri Lanka's migrant housemaids leave behind their husbands and children. Women's long-term absences reorganize and disrupt widely accepted gendered attributions of parenting roles, with fathers and female relatives taking over household tasks. Migrants say that economic difficulties prompt migration, and assess commitment to kin in financial terms. The government also benefits from remittances. Nevertheless, stakeholders (villagers, politicians, and the national media) worry about the social costs born by children. Drawing on interviews with the adult children of migrant mothers in four extended families in the Sri Lankan coastal village of Naeaegama, I examine the long-term effects of transnational labor migration on local households. The case studies do not support media claims that children suffer abuse and neglect in their mothers’ absence, but do in part support survey information on reduced education, shifting marriage patterns, and paternal alcohol consumption.

/pdf/milk-teeth-and-jet-planes-kin-relations-in-families-of-sri-305s2hq3hs.pdf

Milk Teeth and Jet Planes: Kin Relations in Families of Sri Lanka's Transnational Domestic Servants

This article explores the formation of citizenship in Tamil-medium minority schools in Sri Lanka. It is argued that although the new curriculum aims to construct an inclusive notion of national citizenship, the influence of politics on education in reality creates dominant experiences of discrimination and marginalization. I argue, however, that in the more resourceful communities, social networks are effectively put to work to generate an alternative authoritative notion of peripheral citizenship. [citizenship, minorities, education, Sri Lanka]

/pdf/the-politics-of-citizenship-and-difference-in-sri-lankan-563cl8dw7x.pdf

The politics of citizenship and difference in Sri Lankan schools

While the vital contribution of feminist scholarship is acknowledged, it has been criticized for overly relying on the influence of society upon women’s lives. In this paper, I demonstrate the usefulness of also considering the influence of agency upon women’s lives, specifically agential reflexivity. Using the work and life histories of a group of Sri Lankan women, I use Margaret Archer’s morphogenetic approach to show how investigating reflexivity can provide greater insights into the subtleties associated with women’s agency in relation to how they consciously (but fallibly) organize their life journeys and react to oppression, demonstrate resistance and effect emancipation. My research reveals latent aspects of women’s agency within a postcolonial Third World social context, where an enduring patriarchal social system intersects with modernity and subjects women to complex social and occupational circumstances. This paper contributes to the field of women’s studies by showing how the morphogen...

/pdf/reflexivity-and-women-s-agency-a-critical-realist-37kiimyov7.pdf

Reflexivity and women’s agency: a critical realist morphogenetic exploration of the life experience of Sri Lankan women

In the last three decades young, predominantly unmarried, Sri Lankan women have formed the backbone of an enormous economic shift toward export-oriented industrialization. As a result, much attention has focused upon the impacts and outcomes of this shift upon Sri Lankan women, particularly those employed in the nation's numerous Export Processing Zones (EPZs). The rapid absorption of young women into formal employment in EPZs has caused hardships for women in the workplace, at societal level and in terms of related gender subordination. However, employment has also brought about benefits, particularly to families and households where stable incomes are usually non-existent. Both hardships and benefits are reported in the article. However, while acknowledging that factory women in Sri Lanka's EPZs face serious hardships and new forms of gender inequality and discrimination, the research also discovered evidence of some of the benefits which new and stable employment provides. While most research has tende...

Women, work and empowerment: A portrait of women workers in two of Sri Lanka's Export Processing Zones

Foreword Pitman B Potter - Pitman B Potter Introduction PART ONE: THE CHALLENGE OF SOCIETAL RE-ORGANIZATION Overwhelming Change and Faltering Institutions, 1948-2002 - Barrie M Morrison PART TWO: TENSIONS OF CLASS AND CASTE, GROUP RIGHTS AND INDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS Religious and Ideological Intransigence among the Sinhalese - Bruce Matthews Religious Ideology among the Tamils - Dagmar Hellmann-Rajanayagam Tightening Social Cohesion and Excluding 'Others' among the Sinhalese - Bruce Matthews From Differences to Ethnic Solidarity among the Tamils - Dagmar Hellmann-Rajanayagam Illustration and Poetry The Rise of Militant Tamil Nationalism, Its Assumptions and the Cultural Production of Tamil Women - Sumathy Sivamohan PART THREE: THE STRUGGLE TO BUILD A BETTER LIFE, A BETTER SOCIETY Struggling to Create Self-Help Organizations in an Urban Slum - Sri Ranjith Mahaiyawa Expanding World Demand for Gems - Karunatissa Atukorala The Old Poor and the New Rich in Ratnapura Bonded Tea Estate Workers - M Sinnathamby Still Waiting at the Gates Satyodaya, NGOs and Civil Society - Paul Caspersz Mobilizing across Class and Community in a Globalizing Economy PART FOUR: BUILDING A BETTER SOCIETY? LARGE PROBLEMS WITH WEAKENED CAPACITY Justice for the Dispossessed - S H Hasbullah The Case of a Forgotten Minority in Sri Lanka's Ethnic Conflict Who Will Care for Those Left at Home? The Effect of New Opportunities for Work on Families in Sri Lanka - Nancy Waxler-Morrison Damming the Flood of Violence and Shoring Up Civil Society in a Era of Globalization - Sisira Pinnawala Conclusion - S H Hasbullah and Barrie M Morrison Index

Sri Lankan society in an era of globalization : struggling to create a new social order

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Sri Lankan society in an era of globalization : struggling to create a new social order