How we raise young children is one of today's most highly personalized and sharply politicized issues, in part because each of us can claim some level of "expertise." The debate has intensified as discoveries about our development-in the womb and in the first months and years-have reached the popular media. How can we use our burgeoning knowledge to assure the well-being of all young children, for their own sake as well as for the sake of our nation? Drawing from new findings, this book presents important conclusions about nature-versus-nurture, the impact of being born into a working family, the effect of politics on programs for children, the costs and benefits of intervention, and other issues. The committee issues a series of challenges to decision makers regarding the quality of child care, issues of racial and ethnic diversity, the integration of children's cognitive and emotional development, and more. Authoritative yet accessible, From Neurons to Neighborhoods presents the evidence about "brain wiring" and how kids learn to speak, think, and regulate their behavior. It examines the effect of the climate-family, child care, community-within which the child grows.

/pdf/from-neurons-to-neighborhoods-the-science-of-early-childhood-3bfl5g72ow.pdf

From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development

This article reviews the research on resilience in order to delineate its significance and potential for understanding normal development. Resilience refers to the process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances. Three resilience phenomena are reviewed: (a) good outcomes in high-risk children, (b) sustained competence in children under stress, and (c) recovery from trauma. It is concluded that human psychological development is highly buffered and that long-lasting consequences of adversity usually are associated with either organic damage or severe interference in the normative protective processes embedded in the caregiving system. Children who experience chronic adversity fare better or recover more successfully when they have a positive relationship with a competent adult, they are good learners and problem-solvers, they are engaging to other people, and they have areas of competence and perceived efficacy valued by self or society. Future studies of resilience will need to focus on processes that facilitate adaptation. Such studies have the potential to illuminate the range and self-righting properties of, constraints on, and linkages among different aspects of cognitive, emotional, and social development.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0954579400005812

Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity

Security, Anxiety, And Distress * Prototypes of Human Sorrow * The Place of Separation and Loss in Psychopathology * Behavior with and without Mother: Humans * Behaviors with and Without Mother: Non-Human Primates An Ethological Approach To Human Fear * Basic Postulates in Theories of Anxiety and Fear * Forms of Behavior Indicative of Fear * Situations that Arouse Fear in Humans * Situations That Arouse Fear in Animals * Natural Clues to Danger and Safety * Natural Clues, Cultural Clues, and the Assessment of Danger * Rationalization, Misattribution, and Projection * Fear of Separation Individual Differences In Susceptibility To Fear: Anxious Attachment * Some Variables Responsible for Individual Differences * Susceptibility to Fear and the Availability of Attachment Figures * Anxious Attachment and Some Conditions That Promote It * Overdependency and the Theory of Spoiling * Anger, Anxiety, and Attachment * Anxious Attachment and the Phobias of Childhood * Anxious Attachment and Agoraphobia * Omission, Suppression, and Falsification of Family Context * Secure Attachment and the Growth of Self-Reliance * Pathways for the Growth of Personality

Separation: Anxiety and Anger

Over the past four decades, immigration has increased the racial and ethnic diversity in the United States. Once a mainly biracial society with a large white majority and relatively small black minority—and an impenetrable color line dividing these groups—the United States is now a society composed of multiple racial and ethnic groups. Along with increased immigration are rises in the rates of racial/ethnic intermarriage, which in turn have led to a sizeable and growing multiracial population. Currently, 1 in 40 persons identifies himself or herself as multiracial, and this figure could soar to 1 in 5 by the year 2050. Increased racial and ethnic diversity brought about by the new immigration, rising intermarriage, and patterns of multiracial identification may be moving the nation far beyond the traditional and relatively persistent black/white color line. In this chapter, we review the extant theories and recent findings concerning immigration, intermarriage, and multiracial identification, and consider...

AMERICA'S CHANGING COLOR LINES: Immigration, Race/Ethnicity, and Multiracial Identification

Child neglect, the most prevalent form of child maltreatment, is associated with adverse psychological and educational outcomes. It is hypothesized that these outcomes may be caused by adverse brain development. However, there are very few published cross-sectional studies and no prospective studies that examine the neurodevelopmental consequences of neglect. In this article, the author comprehensively outlines the issues involved in the psychobiological research of child neglect. Pre-clinical and clinical studies will be reviewed. Throughout the article, suggestions for future research opportunities and novel ways to address methodological difficulties inherent in this field of study are offered. The results of recent neuroimaging studies of maltreated children may provide a basis for understanding the early effects of neglect on childhood brain development. The author is comprehensively examining these issues as part of the Federal Child Neglect Consortium.

The psychobiology of neglect.

TIZARD, BARBARA; COOPERMAN, OLIVER; JOSEPH, ANNE; and TIZARD, JACK. Environmental Effects on Language Development: A Study of Young Children in Long-Stay Residential Nurseries. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1972, 43, 337-358. Observational studies of 85 children aged 2-5 years were made in 13 residential nursery groups. The aim was to relate the language development of the children to the amount and quality of adult talk directed at them, and both these factors to the way in which the nursery was organized. No "institutional retardation" was found, and the mean test scores on both verbal and nonverbal tests were average. Significant correlations were obtained between the language comprehension scores of the children and both the quality of the talk directed to them and the way in which the nursery was organized.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/1127540

Environmental Effects on Language Development: A Study of Young Children in Long-Stay Residential Nurseries.

First published in 1988, this work reports on a major British study of children’s progress and behaviour in 33 infant schools. The research looks at children from nursery through to junior school and asks why some children had higher attainments and made more progress than others. Using observations not only in schools but also interviews with children and parents, the children’s skills on entering school were found to have an important effect on progress. In each school, black and white children, and girls and boys were studied, in order gauge whether gender or ethnicity were related to progress.

Young Children at School in the Inner City

Theories about “black identity” are discussed in relation to a study of adolescents with one white and one African or African-Caribbean parent Interview findings on their racial self-definition, attitudes to their mixed parentage, and allegiance to black and white people and cultures reveal a wide range of racial identities and cultural allegiances Differences are related to type of school, social class, and the degree of politicisation of the young person's attitudes to race The findings are discussed in relation to the issue of interracial adoption and fostering, and to recent debates about the concept of an “essential” black identity

The Identity of Mixed Parentage Adolescents

/pdf/the-social-development-of-two-year-old-children-in-3a6djg6w9n.pdf

The Social Development of Two Year Old Children in Residential Nurseries.

Much of the opposition to transracial adoption depends on unvalidated assumptions about the identity of black and mixed race children living with their own families We know little, however, about the ways in which these families help their children to cope with racism Research moreover suggests that young black children often have a negative view of their racial identity On the other hand, research also shows that black adolescents tend to have high self-esteem Self-esteem and racial identity may derive from different contexts and relationships, and a negative attitude to one's race may not necessarily be associated with low self-esteem Further, the concept of a ‘positive black identity’ requires critical analysis, since each of its three constituent terms is problematic Social identities are complex phenomena, and the ways in which people perceive and think about themselves often fail to correspond to prescribed pigeonholes This is evident, for example, in the growing number of children of mixed parentage who see themselves as having a separate identity, distinct from both black or white groups Transracially adopted children are likely to have a different identity from that of children growing up in a black family, but we argue that there are not yet well-grounded reasons for believing that the practice is damaging to children

Black identity and transracial adoption

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