Pure air and water are essential requirements for sustainability of human civilization and wildlife on earth. However, due to illicit industrial practices of waste disposal, the presence of harmful effluents has increased in both air and water bodies which are harmful to both humans and wildlife. Heterogeneous photocatalysis can be a promising measure for the removal of these pollutants from both water and air. TiO2 is a highly investigated photocatalyst for such a purpose but it suffers from few demerits which hamper its practical application. Commercially available TiO2 (Degussa P25) has low photocatalytic efficiency owing to its low surface area (50 m2/g) and porosity and it is difficult to separate it from the reaction mixture which makes it less reusable. In order to overcome these limitations a variety of materials have been used as catalytic supports for TiO2. Among these clays have gained immense attention since they are cheap, highly available in the earth’s crust and possess thermal, chemical and mechanical stability. Clays provide TiO2 with the high surface area, porosity, high number of surface active sites which makes TiO2/clay nanocomposites highly active photocatalyst than pure TiO2. The review represents different methodologies for TiO2/clay synthesis and the impact of clay on the physical and photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Also, the role of different clay supports for TiO2 and comparison of their effect on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 has been covered.

Clay supported TiO2 nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of environmental pollutants: A review

Clay minerals are very common in nature and highly reactive minerals which are typical products of the weathering of the most abundant silicate minerals on the planet. Over recent decades there has been growing appreciation that the prime involvement of clay minerals in the geochemical cycling of elements and pedosphere genesis should take into account the biogeochemical activity of microorganisms. Microbial intimate interaction with clay minerals, that has taken place on Earth’s surface in a geological time-scale, represents a complex co-evolving system which is challenging to comprehend because of fragmented information and requires coordinated efforts from both clay scientists and microbiologists. This review covers some important aspects of the interactions of clay minerals with microorganisms at the different levels of complexity, starting from organic molecules, individual and aggregated microbial cells, fungal and bacterial symbioses with photosynthetic organisms, pedosphere, up to environmental and biotechnological implications. The review attempts to systematize our current general understanding of the processes of biogeochemical transformation of clay minerals by microorganisms. This paper also highlights some microbiological and biotechnological perspectives of the practical application of clay minerals–microbes interactions not only in microbial bioremediation and biodegradation of pollutants but also in areas related to agronomy and human and animal health.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/10/10/861/pdf

Microbial Interaction with Clay Minerals and Its Environmental and Biotechnological Implications

Interactions between microorganisms and clay minerals: New insights and broader applications

Clay minerals constitute an important component of the soil system and knowledge of their role in soil fertility is imperative for sustainable soil management and productivity. The aim of this work is to overview the influence of clay minerals on some major soil fertility attributes. The rationale for carrying out this work is that most soil fertility studies rarely incorporate soil mineralogy. Clay minerals, through their physical and chemical properties, affect soil fertility by controlling nutrient supplies and availability, through the sequestration and stabilization of soil organic matter, by controlling soil physical properties through microaggregate formation, by influencing soil acidity and controlling soil microbial population and activity. The main processes involved in these relationships are dissolution-precipitation and adsorption-desorption processes, alongside mechanisms involving the formation of short-range-ordered phases. Although the determination of soil mineralogical properties is very costly and time-consuming, information about a soil’s mineralogy is imperative for a holistic understanding and proper management of soil fertility. Therefore, the development of rapid, low-cost, reliable and efficient techniques of soil mineralogical analysis, directly applicable to soil fertility investigations, constitutes a major challenge. Also, future research should investigate the relationships between clay minerals and soil nitrogen vis-a-vis sequestration and stabilization. Lastly, clay minerals should be considered in studies dealing with soil quality assessment, especially in the choice of soil quality indicators.

/pdf/influence-of-clay-minerals-on-some-soil-fertility-attributes-1flher5l9e.pdf

Influence of Clay Minerals on Some Soil Fertility Attributes: A Review

Clays for Efficient Disinfection of Bacteria in Water

Experimental Interactions Between Clay Minerals and Bacteria: A Review

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Experimental Interactions Between Clay Minerals and Bacteria: A Review