Abstract. Mineral dust contributes up to one-half of surface aerosol loading in spring
over the southwestern United States, posing an environmental challenge that threatens
human health and the ecosystem. Using self-organizing map (SOM) analysis
with dust deposition and flux data from WRF-Chem and Modern-Era
Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2),
we identify four typical dust transport patterns across the Sierra Nevada,
associated with the mesoscale winds, Sierra barrier jet (SBJ),
North Pacific High (NPH), and long-range cross-Pacific westerlies,
respectively. We find that dust emitted from the Central Valley is
persistently transported eastward, while dust from the Mojave Desert and
Great Basin influences the Sierra Nevada during mesoscale transport
occurring mostly in winter and early spring. Asian dust reaching the
mountain range comes either from the west through straight isobars
(cross-Pacific transport) or from the north in the presence of the NPH.
Extensive dust depositions are found on the west slope of the mountain,
contributed by Central Valley emissions and cross-Pacific remote transport.
In particular, the SBJ-related transport produces deposition through
landfalling atmospheric rivers, whose frequency might increase in a warming
climate.


https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/22/15469/2022/acp-22-15469-2022.pdf

Where does the dust deposited over the Sierra Nevada snow come from?

Abstract. Deep convection initiated under different large-scale environments exhibits different precipitation features and interacts with local meteorology and surface properties in distinct ways. Here, we analyze the characteristics and spatiotemporal patterns of different types of convective systems over southeastern Texas using 13 years of high-resolution observations and reanalysis data. We find that mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) contribute significantly to both mean and extreme precipitation in all seasons, while isolated deep convection (IDC) plays a role in intense precipitation during summer and fall. Using self-organizing maps (SOMs), we found that convection can occur under unfavorable conditions without large-scale lifting or moisture convergence. In spring, fall and winter, frontal-related large-scale meteorological patterns (LSMPs) characterized by baroclinic waves and low-level moisture convergence act as primary triggers for convection, while the remaining storms are associated with an anticyclone pattern and orographic lifting. In summer, IDC are mainly associated with front-related and anticyclones LSMPs, while MCSs occur more in frontal-related LSMPs. We further tracked the lifecycle of MCSs and IDC using the Flexible Object Tracker algorithm over southeastern Texas. MCSs frequently initiate west of Houston, travelling eastward for around 8 hours to southeastern Texas, while IDC initiate locally. The average duration of MCSs in southeastern Texas is 6.1 hours, approximately 4.1 times the duration of IDC. Diurnally, the initiation of convection associated with favorable LSMPs peak at 1100 UTC, 3 hours earlier than those associated with anticyclones. 

Tracking precipitation features and associated large-scale environments over southeastern Texas

Abstract. Deep convection initiated under different large-scale environments exhibits different precipitation features and interacts with local meteorology and surface properties in distinct ways. Here, we analyze the characteristics and spatiotemporal patterns of different types of convective systems over southeastern Texas using 13 years of high-resolution observations and reanalysis data. We find that mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) contribute significantly to both mean and extreme precipitation in all seasons, while isolated deep convection (IDC) plays a role in intense precipitation during summer and fall. Using self-organizing maps (SOMs), we found that convection can occur under unfavorable conditions without large-scale lifting or moisture convergence. In spring, fall and winter, frontal-related large-scale meteorological patterns (LSMPs) characterized by baroclinic waves and low-level moisture convergence act as primary triggers for convection, while the remaining storms are associated with an anticyclone pattern and orographic lifting. In summer, IDC are mainly associated with front-related and anticyclones LSMPs, while MCSs occur more in frontal-related LSMPs. We further tracked the lifecycle of MCSs and IDC using the Flexible Object Tracker algorithm over southeastern Texas. MCSs frequently initiate west of Houston, travelling eastward for around 8 hours to southeastern Texas, while IDC initiate locally. The average duration of MCSs in southeastern Texas is 6.1 hours, approximately 4.1 times the duration of IDC. Diurnally, the initiation of convection associated with favorable LSMPs peak at 1100 UTC, 3 hours earlier than those associated with anticyclones.

pdf/comment-on-egusphere-2024-112-2lgxq704qg.pdf

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pdf/comment-on-egusphere-2024-112-59pfn2pch2.pdf

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Abstract. Mineral dust contributes up to one-half of surface aerosol loading in spring over the southwestern U.S., posing an environmental challenge that threatens human health and the ecosystem. Using the self-organizing map (SOM) analysis, we identify four typical dust transport patterns across the Sierra Nevada, associated with the mesoscale winds, Sierra-Block-Jets (SBJ), North-Pacific-High (NPH), and long-range cross-Pacific westerlies, respectively. We find dust emitted from the Central Valley is persistently transported eastward, while dust from the Mojave Desert and Great Basin influences the Sierra Nevada during mesoscale transport occurring mostly in the winter and early spring. Asian dust reaching the mountain range comes either from the west through straight isobars (cross-Pacific transport) or from the north in the presence of NPH. Extensive dust depositions are found on the west slope of the mountain, contributed by Central Valley emissions and cross-Pacific remote transport. Especially, the SBJ-related transport produces deposition through landfalling atmospheric rivers, whose frequency might increase in a warming climate. 

Abstract. The role of mineral dust aerosol in global radiative energy budget is often quantified by the dust direct radiative effect (DRE). The dust DRE strongly depends on dust aerosol optical depth (DAOD), therefore, DRE efficiency (DREE=DRE/DAOD) is widely compared across different studies to eliminate difference due to the various dust load. Nevertheless, DREE is still influenced by the uncertainties associated with dust particle size distribution (PSD) and optical properties. In this study, we derive a global clear-sky size-resolved DREE dataset in both shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) at top of the atmosphere (TOA) and surface based on satellite observations (i.e., satellite-retrieved dust extinction spatial and vertical distributions). In the DREE dataset, dust geometric diameter from 0.1µm to 100 µm is divided into 10 bins and the corresponding monthly mean DREE (with respect to DAOD at 532 nm) for each size bin is derived by using the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTM). Three sets of state-of-the-art dust refractive indices (RI) and two sets of dust shape models (sphere vs. spheroid) are adopted to investigate the sensitivity of dust DREE to dust absorption and shape. As a result, the size-resolved dust DREE dataset contains globally distributed monthly mean dust DREE at TOA and surface for each of 10 size bins with 5° (longitude) × 2° (latitude) resolution as well as for each dust RI and shape combination. The size-resolved dust DREE dataset can be used to readily calculate global dust DRE for any DAOD and dust PSD, including the uncertainty in the DRE induced by dust microphysical properties (e.g., dust PSD, RI and shape). By calculating dust DRE based on DAOD climatology retrieved from different satellite sensors and based on different dust PSD, we find that uncertainty in the spatial pattern of DAOD induces more than 10 % of the uncertainty in SW dust DRE at TOA. The observation-based dust PSD induces around 15 %~20 % uncertainty in dust DRE at TOA and in the atmosphere. The sensitivity assessments of dust DRE to dust RI and shape further suggest that dust non-sphericity induces a negligible effect on dust DRE estimations, while dust RI turns out to be the most important factor in determining dust DRE, particularly in SW. 

/pdf/size-resolved-dust-direct-radiative-effect-efficiency-23m260wq.pdf

Size-Resolved Dust Direct Radiative Effect Efficiency Derived from Satellite Observations

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Where does the dust deposited over the Sierra Nevada snow come from?

Size-Resolved Dust Direct Radiative Effect Efficiency Derived from Satellite Observations