The Reader, the Text, the Poem: The Transactional Theory of the Literary Work

This study examines children's uses of reading resources in neighborhood public libraries that have been transformed to “level the playing field.” Through foundation funding (US$20 million), the public library system of Philadelphia converted neighborhood branch libraries into a technologized modern urban library system, hoping to improve the lives of disadvantaged children and their families by closing the achievement gap. Using a mosaic of ethnographic methodologies, four studies examined children's uses of library resources in low-income and middle-income neighborhood libraries, prior to renovations and technology, right after, and once the novelty had worn off a year later, for preschoolers, elementary, and teens. Results indicated that despite heavy library use across low-income and middle-income children, quality differentials in the way resources were used appeared at all age levels, prior to, immediately after, and stronger still following technology renovations. Taken together, these studies suggest equal resources to economically unequal groups did not level the playing field. Instead, it appeared to widen the knowledge gap between low-income and middle-income children.

Este estudio examina el uso que hacen los ninos de los recursos de lectura en bibliotecas publicas barriales que han sido transformadas para “nivelar el campo de juego”. Por medio de un subsidio (20 millones de dolares), el sistema de bibliotecas publicas de Filadelfia convirtio las bibliotecas barriales en un sistema de bibliotecas moderno, urbano y con tecnologia, esperando mejorar la vida de los ninos en desventaja y sus familias, asi como cerrar la brecha entre los logros de los ninos de clase media y baja. Mediante un mosaico de metodologias etnograficas, cuatro estudios examinaron el uso que hacian los ninos de los recursos de las bibliotecas en los barrios de clase baja y media en tres momentos: antes de las renovaciones y la tecnologia, inmediatamente despues y cuando habian dejado ya de ser novedad, un ano mas tarde para los ninos de nivel inicial, primario y adolescentes. Los resultados indicaron que, a pesar de registrarse un uso intenso tanto en los ninos de clase baja como en los de clase media, aparecieron diferencias cualitativas en la forma en que los recursos fueron usados en todas las edades, antes, inmediatamente despues y, mas fuertemente, luego de las renovaciones tecnologicas. En conjunto, estos estudios sugieren que iguales recursos a grupos economicamente diferentes no nivelaron el campo de juego. Al contrario, la brecha de conocimientos entre los ninos de clase baja y clase media parecio agrandarse.

Diese Studie untersucht die Nutzung der Leseressourcen von Kindern in offentlichen Nachbarschaftsbuchereien, die zum „Angleichen der Spielregeln” umgewandelt wurden. Durch Spendenaufbringung (20 Millionen Dollars) veranderte Philadelphias offentliches Buchereisystem Buchereiniederlassungen in Nachbarschaften in ein technologisch modernes stadtisches Buchereisystem, in der Hoffnung, das Leben von benachteiligten Kindern und ihrer Familien durch Schliesen des Leistungsabstands zu verbessern. Durch Anwendung eines Mosaiks von ethnographischen Methodologien untersuchten vier Studien die Nutzung der Buchereiressourcen durch Kinder von Buchereien in Nachbarschaften mit niedrigen und mittleren Einkommen vor Renovierungen und Technologie, unmittelbar danach, und nachdem die Erneuerungsbegeisterung nachlies, ein Jahr danach fur Vorschuler, Grundschuler und Teens. Ergebnisse zeigten, das trotz starker Buchereinutzung von Kindern quer durch niedrige und mittlere Einkommen Qualitatsunterschiede entstanden in der Art wie die Ressourcen durch alle Altersgruppen, vorher, unmittelbar danach, und starker noch als Folge der Technologieerneuerung verwandt wurden. Zusammengefasst, deutet diese Studie an, das gleiche Ressourcen fur wirtschaftlich ungleiche Gruppen nicht die Spielregeln ausglichen. Stattdessen, so schien es, erweiterte sich die Wissenslucke zwischen Kindern aus niedrigen Einkommen und mittleren Einkommen.

Cette etude etudie l'utilisation que font les enfants des ressources en lecture de bibliotheques publiques de proximite qui ont ete transformees afin de « niveler le terrain de jeu ». Grâce a un financement de fondation (20 millions de dollars), le systeme de la bibliotheque publique de Philadelphie a transforme le reseau des bibiliotheques de proximite en un systeme de bibliotheque urbaine moderne technologique, avec l'espoir d'ameliorer la vie des enfants de milieu defavorise et de leurs familles en comblant les ecarts de reussite. En utilisant toute une mosaique de methodologies ethnographiques, quatre etudes ont etudie comment les enfants ont utilise les ressources des bibliotheques dans des bibliotheques de proximite de milieu defavorise et de milieu moyen, avant les renovations et la technologie, juste apres, et une fois la nouveaute dissipee, un an plus tard, avec des enfants d'ecole maternelle, elementaire, et secondaire. Les resultats montrent qu'en depit d'une importante utilisation des bibliotheques par les enfants de milieu defavorise et de classe moyenne, il apparait des differences qualitatives a tous les âges dans la facon dont les ressources sont utilisees, avant, imediatement apres, et encore plus fortement apres les renovations technologiques. De maniere generale, ces etudes suggerent que des ressources egales fournies a des populations economiquement inegales ne nivellent pas le terrain de jeu. Mieux encore, il semble que les ecarts de connaissance entre les enfants de milieu defavorise et de classe moyenne se soient encore elargis.

/pdf/the-knowledge-gap-implications-of-leveling-the-playing-field-bnd1m3q66e.pdf

The knowledge gap: Implications of leveling the playing field for low-income and middle-income children

This book distills out of the rich vein of sociological research some of what is known about the structure of stratification in the United States. It emphasizes the importance of power for understanding the structure of stratification.

The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States, The, CourseSmart eTextbook

https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1071&context=fimspub

The dilemma of survey nonresponse

This study ascertains the attitudes of library school alumni regarding the value of including various competencies in an M.L.S. program in order to facilitate curriculum planning. A total of 736 alumni rated a list of fifty-five competencies. Twenty-five percent of alumni had been out of library school less than three years ; 60 percent had been out less than ten years. The largest category of respondents is represented by public librarians (39 percent), followed by academic librarians (20 percent), school librarians (19 percent), special librarians (10 percent), and those in nonlibrary settings (12 percent). There was a significant relationship between the type of library course taken during library school and the type of library in which the respondent found employment. Children's and young adult literature was the most popular type of literature course taken. The five competencies ranked most frequently as essential include : knowledge of sources, collection management skills, conducting a reference interview, communicating effectively in writing, and the ability to apply critical thinking skills to library problems. Rating of competencies was also analyzed by beginning librarians. Competencies valued also differed as a function of setting. Findings were compared to those of an earlier study conducted by the authors in 1987.

/pdf/library-and-information-science-competencies-revisited-3zhcqadr1q.pdf

Library and Information Science Competencies Revisited.

Improving Children's Services: Competencies for Librarians Serving Children in Public Libraries.

Based on the importance of teacher-school library media specialist collaboration , this study seeks to advance knowledge involving the dynamics of this special relationship. The subjects were a group of student librarians--themselves experienced teachers--as they attempted to foster collaborative information literacy activities with selected teachers in their host schools.(Note: The term “student librarian” is the official term applied within the institutional setting in which the research occurred.) The investigators instructed these student librarians to base their approaches on social marketing theory and practice. In addition, the investigators acquired data about collaboration processes from two focus groups made up of experienced teachers, who responded to a set of questions designed to measure teacher predictability to engage in collaboration. Findings indicated that collaboration is expensive, involving investments of time, resources, and human interactions within complex systems of institutional culture and personal expectations. Although complex, social marketing principles are integrated throughout the collaboration process; they signal that school library media specialists, as marketers of a socially useful service, need to build trust for themselves and promote the collaborative process as a socially and professionally rewarding activity. Toward this end, school library media specialists-as-marketers have the responsibility for developing a social market environment conductive to collaboration between teachers and school library media specialist.

/pdf/teacher-school-library-media-specialist-collaboration-53d4n5etp6.pdf

Teacher-School Library Media Specialist Collaboration through Social Marketing Strategies: An Information Behavior Study

This study considered how participants affiliated with a Christian church responded to and socially constructed information while reading and discussing Marcus Borg's book The Heart of Christianity: Rediscovering a Life of Faith. Borg argues that the traditional paradigm of American Christianity must be replayed with a more progressive Christianity. This church serves a largely (but not exclusively) gay, lesbian, bi-sexual, transgender congregation (GLBT). The entire reading church cohort consisted of twelve groups with 96 participants and an outside comparison group of six readers. Group 10 of the church groups was studied using a field-based, research-participant approach. Members of Reading Group 10 reacted positively to Borg and appeared to have personally accepted levels of social constructionism. Other reading groups reacted more negatively to Borg. Pastoral assessments of the effectiveness are also offered.

Marcus Borg's Emerging Paradigm for Christianity: The Interplay of GLBT Readers, Religious Text, and Social Environment

Well-known authors, W. Bernard Lukenbill and Barbara Froling Immroth, provide an introduction to a difficult topic. This book covers the general status of youth healthcare, the issues and concerns providing a model of health delivery, and their relationship to the school and public library. Public and school librarians and their clientele will appreciate this straightforward approach to finding and selecting consumer information on health related topics. School librarians will find resources to help teachers who are being asked to teach consumer health classes. Students, librarians, teachers, parents, and caregivers in need of information that addresses health issues encountered by youth will find it in this inclusive book on the topic. Public and school librarians will appreciate discussions of issues related to the general status of healthcare for youth, delivery systems, and locations of consumer information and methods to select and manage the collection of health information materials.

Health Information for Youth: The Public Library and School Library Media Center Role

The Goals 2000: Educate America Act in 1994 contained five National Education Goals. Goal No 1 targets the year 2000 as the date by which children in America will start school ready to learn. This text discusses how all those who are involved with pre-schoolers can achieve such a target.

Achieving school readiness : public libraries and national education goal no. 1 : with a "Prototype of public library services for young children and their families"

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