The reciprocal interaction between serotonin and social behaviour

Predictors of maternal sensitivity to infant distress were examined among 259 primiparous mothers. The Adult Attachment Interview, self-reports of personality and emotional functioning, and measures of physiological, emotional, and cognitive responses to videotapes of crying infants were administered prenatally. Maternal sensitivity was observed during three distress-eliciting tasks when infants were 6 months old. Coherence of mind was directly associated with higher maternal sensitivity to distress. Mothers' heightened emotional risk was indirectly associated with lower sensitivity via mothers' self-focused and negative processing of infant cry cues. Likewise, high physiological arousal accompanied by poor physiological regulation in response to infant crying was indirectly associated with lower maternal sensitivity to distress through mothers' self-focused and negative processing of infant cry cues.

/pdf/antecedents-of-maternal-sensitivity-during-distressing-tasks-oc7lftlpsz.pdf

Antecedents of Maternal Sensitivity During Distressing Tasks: Integrating Attachment, Social Information Processing, and Psychobiological Perspectives

To examine emotional face processing in mothers of different attachment representations, event-related potentials were recorded from 16 mothers during presentation of infant emotion faces with positive, negative or neutral emotional expressions within a three-stimulus oddball paradigm, and frontal asymmetries were assessed. Insecure mothers, as compared to secure ones, showed a more pronounced negativity in the face-sensitive N170 component and a smaller N200 amplitude. Regarding the P300 component, secure mothers showed a stronger response to face stimuli than insecure mothers. No differences were found for frontal asymmetry scores. The results indicate that attachment differences may be related to neuropsychological functioning.

Brain activity during emotion perception: The role of attachment representation

The current study tested the hypothesis that mothers who have experienced child maltreatment and aggression within their adult relationships may be at particular risk for misinterpreting infant emotions, leading to less sensitive parenting behaviors. Participants were 120 pregnant women recruited for a larger, longitudinal study investigating the role of psychosocial and environmental risk on women and their young children. Data were collected during the third trimester of pregnancy, and when children were 1 and 2 years of age. Participants completed a projective test designed to elicit individual differences in perceptions of infant emotions and an observer-rated assessment of parenting behaviors was conducted in the family home. Using structural equation modeling, we tested associations between maternal interpersonal aggression exposure and perceptions of infant emotion and parenting behaviors. RESULTS demonstrated that a history of child abuse and intimate partner conflict were associated with a maternal tendency to view ambiguous infant facial expressions as negative (i.e., negative attribution bias), and in turn, with less parenting sensitivity over time. FINDINGS suggest that negative attributions of infant emotion may be 1 mechanism by which a history of trauma and violence exposure contributes to less sensitive parenting for some mothers. Implications for intervention include the need for trauma-informed clinical services and psychoeducational methods that help mothers more accurately read and respond to infant emotional expression and bids for connection. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en

The influence of interpersonal aggression on maternal perceptions of infant emotions: Associations with early parenting quality.

Cradling side preference is associated with lateralized processing of baby facial expressions in females.

The aim of the study was to investigate parental perception and interpretation of infant emotional expression depending on their attachment representation. Forty-six parents' responses to infant pictures depicting positive, neutral, and negative emotions were assessed on the level of affective judgments (valence, arousal), mimic responses (facial muscle activity), and of the eyelid reflex (using the startle paradigm). Results revealed small differences between parents of different attachment representations with respect to their subjective evaluations. However, secure parents, as compared to insecure ones, showed a positive bias in their mimic responses to infant pictures. The modulation of the startle response indicated a negative evaluation of negative infant emotion expressions in dismissing parents, while an augmentation of the startle response to negative infant emotions could not be observed in secure and preoccupied parents. The findings highlight the role of attachment experiences for emotional information processing in parents and its consequences for parental behavior.

The influence of attachment representation on parental perception and interpretation of infant emotions: A multilevel approach

To study parental experience and perception of infant emotional expressions parents' responses to infant pictures depicting positive, neutral and negative emotions were assessed on the level of affective judgments (perceived and experienced valence and arousal), of mimic responses (facial muscle activity) and of the eyelid reflex (using the startle paradigm). In general, while parents were able to appropriately perceive infant emotions and were clearly affected by them, they exhibited a bias for positive interpretation. This was obvious from their subjective evaluations which, e.g. were more positive for experienced than for perceived valence, as well as from their mimic responses indicating positive responses in general. In addition, infant pictures including the negative ones lead to an inhibition of the startle reflex, indicating a positive evaluation of infant emotions on the sub-cortical level. These effects were most prominent when parents were faced with pictures of their own infants as compared to unfamiliar ones. The way parents process information about infant emotions may facilitate appropriate responsiveness to infants' needs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Parental perception and interpretation of infant emotions: psychological and physiological processes

Gelangen Kinder bei kognitiven Aufgaben an die Grenze ihrer Fahigkeiten, spielen sozial-emotionale Regulationsstrategien eine Rolle. In der Studie wurde untersucht, inwieweit aktuelle mutterliche Unterstutzung und fruhe Bindungsqualitat die emotionale Regulationsfahigkeit in kognitiven Anforderungssituationen beeinflusst. 91 Kinder der Regensburger Langsschnittstudie IV, bei denen mit 12 Monaten die Qualitat der Mutter-Kind-Bindung erfasst wurde, wurden mit 6 Jahren in einer kognitiven Anforderungssituation mit der Mutter beobachtet. Aufseiten des Kindes wurden wahrend der Aufgabenbearbeitung Strukturiertes Handeln, Nutzung sozialer Ressourcen und Kontakt zur Mutter erfasst. Das mutterliche Verhalten wurde in Bezug auf emotionale und instrumentelle Unterstutzung ausgewertet. Zur Kontrolle kognitiver Fahigkeiten wurde der im Alter von 7 Jahren erhobene Intelligenzquotient einbezogen. Das kindliche Verhalten, insbesondere die Nutzung sozialer Ressourcen, konnte auch nach Kontrolle von Intelligenzunterschieden sowohl durch die aktuelle Unterstutzung als auch die fruhe Bindungsqualitat vorhergesagt werden. Dabei ergaben sich spezifische Zusammenhange in Abhangigkeit von der gegebenen Bindungssicherheit. Bei sicher gebundenen Kindern fuhrte mutterliche Unterstutzung zu einer besseren Nutzung sozialer Ressourcen, d. h. sie profitierten im kognitiven Bereich, da sie Hilfe zum Erreichen des Aufgabenziels umsetzen konnten.Dagegen beschrankte sich die Regulation bei unsicher gebundenen Kindern auf den emotionalen Bereich.

Der Einfluss früher Bindungserfahrungen und aktueller mütterlicher Unterstützung auf das Verhalten von sechsjährigen Kindern in einer kognitiven Anforderungssituation

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The influence of attachment representation on parental perception and interpretation of infant emotions: A multilevel approach

Parental perception and interpretation of infant emotions: psychological and physiological processes

Der Einfluss früher Bindungserfahrungen und aktueller mütterlicher Unterstützung auf das Verhalten von sechsjährigen Kindern in einer kognitiven Anforderungssituation