A Tesla valve is a passive check valve but with no-moving parts. The unique diode nature of Tesla valves makes them attractive for fluid control in many engineering fields, such as microfluidic systems and hydrogen fuel systems. The effectiveness of a single-stage Tesla valve can be modified by changing its geometric parameters. In this study, four groups of Tesla valves by changing the angle between 45° and 90° are examined. Numerical and mathematical methods are used to compare the diode characteristics of the four groups of Tesla valves, and proper orthogonal decomposition is applied to analyze the main flow fields. Of particular interest is that the diode property is induced by separation bubbles, with those near the left junction of the Tesla valve providing the main control mechanism for the fluid flow. For the forward flow, the main bubble pushes the fluid into the straight channel, while for the reverse flow, the main bubble blocks the outlet of the Tesla valve, making it difficult for fluid to flow out. Notably, our findings suggest that the diode performance of Tesla valves is optimal at θ = 70–80°. The results presented in this paper identify the functional relationship between the angle of the Tesla valve, Reynolds number, and diodicity, and suggest strategies for the optimal design and performance predictions of Tesla valves.

Numerical investigation of Tesla valves with a variable angle

Heat transfer and pressure drop correlations for direct on-chip microscale jet impingement cooling with alternating feeding and draining jets

This study extends the analysis of the canonical developing pipe-flow problem to realistic inlet conditions affecting emerging jets. A comparison of simulations to existing theory reveals adverse phenomena caused by the inlet: the velocity profile inversion and flow separation (vena contracta) at a sharp inlet. Beginning with the simple uniform inflow, the inversion is shown to persists at significantly higher Re (Re = 2000) than previously reported. It is found to be caused by the theory’s neglected radial velocity, resulting from the boundary layer’s displacement effect. Rescaling of the inlet axial coordinate is shown to collapse all centerline velocity curves above Re = 100, thus elucidating the known weak dependence of entrance-length on Re. The sharp-inlet separation bubble is found not to occur below Re ≅ 320 although this inlet profile overrides the boundary layer’s effect. Furthermore, the bubble’s downstream length increases rapidly with Re, whereas its upstream length grows gradually and proportionally to its thickness—here identified as its characteristic-scale. Beyond the bubble, the profile relaxes to a monotonic form—captured beyond x/(Re·R) = 0.005, if theory is modified using the bubble’s characteristic-scale. This scale also sets the threshold which differentiates between a sharp-inlet regime, accompanied by a separation bubble, and a rounded-inlet one without it. The latter regime relaxes more rapidly to the monotonic profile—captured already beyond x = 2R. Finally, the modified idealized theory is demonstrated as a useful design tool—explicitly relating nozzle length to characteristics of emerging free-surface and submerged jets.

Distortion of pipe-flow development by boundary layer growth and unconstrained inlet conditions

Understanding laminar submerged jet flight is important to many transport processes, although existing theory is insufficient within the most relevant near-nozzle region defined by the effective distance x′/(D·Re) < 0.05. A linearized convection diffusion momentum equation is employed to derive an approximate flow description within the jet core, for all archetypal issuing profiles. This is validated in the core region near the nozzle by numerical simulations and experimental measurements, and it provides novel insights and adaptation of the far-field (self-similar) Schlichting jet solution. It is employed here to reveal the detailed contour of each profile’s potential core and allows its differentiation from a new “boundary core” concept—the region unaffected by the change of the jet-edge shear transition from pipe flow to free-jet. This new concept reveals the minimal distance at which self-similarity can begin to exist, thereby analytically determining the virtual origin required to bring the existing far-field solution nearest to the nozzle. Thus, profile evolution and jet width become predictable within the near-nozzle region for all issuing profiles. As an alternative to the lengthy full prediction, current analysis also facilitates analytical rederivation of physically based parameters for two existing correlations describing the full uniform profile evolution and the centerline velocity decay for all other issuing profiles.

Analytical re-examination of the submerged laminar jet’s velocity evolution

Flow and heat transfer analysis of hybrid cooling schemes: Adding micro-jets to a micro-gap

Dependence of submerged jet heat transfer on nozzle length

The stagnation point heat transfer under partially-developed submerged jets

The human arm may be considered to be a redundant mechanism given a pointing task. As a result, multiple arm configurations can be used to complete a pointing task in which the tip of the index finger is brought to a preselected point in space. A kinematic model of the human arm with four degrees of freedom (DOF) and the synthesis of two criteria were developed as an analytical tool for studying position tasks. The two criteria were: (1) minimizing angular joint displacement (Minimal Angular Displacement (MAD)) and (2) averaging limits of the shoulder joint range (Joint Range Availability (JRA)). Joint angles predicted by a weighted model synthesizing the MAD and JRA models was linearly correlated (slope=0.97; r2=0.81) with experimental data compared to individual criteria (MAD slope=0.76; r2=0.67 or JRA slope=1; r2=0.56). The partial contributions to the synthesized criterion were 70% MAD and 30% JRA. Solving the inverse kinematics problem of articulated redundant serials mechanism such as the human or robotic arm has applications in fields of human-robot interaction and wearable robotics, ergonomics, and computer graphics animation.

https://www.eng.tau.ac.il/~icme2012/all_nf1/ICME_132_Kashi.pdf

Synthesizing two criteria for redundancy resolution of human arm in point tasks

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