The bandgaps of monolayer and bulk molybdenum sulfide (MoS2 ) result in that they are far from suitable for application as a saturable absorption device. In this paper, the operation of a broadband MoS2 saturable absorber is demonstrated by the introduction of suitable defects. It is believed that the results provide some inspiration in the investigation of two-dimensional optoelectronic materials.

Broadband Few‐Layer MoS2 Saturable Absorbers

2D Layered Materials: Synthesis, Nonlinear Optical Properties, and Device Applications

Graphene-like two dimensional materials, such as WS2 and MoS2, are highly anisotropic layered compounds that have attracted growing interest from basic research to practical applications. Similar with MoS2, few-layer WS2 has remarkable physical properties. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that WS2 nanosheets exhibit ultrafast nonlinear saturable absorption property and high optical damage threshold. Soliton mode-locking operations are achieved separately in an erbium-doped fiber laser using two types of WS2-based saturable absorbers, one of which is fabricated by depositing WS2 nanosheets on a D-shaped fiber, while the other is synthesized by mixing WS2 solution with polyvinyl alcohol, and then evaporating them on a substrate. At the maximum pump power of 600 mW, two saturable absorbers can work stably at mode-locking state without damage, indicating that few-layer WS2 is a promising high-power flexible saturable absorber for ultrafast optics. Numerous applications may benefit from the ultrafast nonlinear features of WS2 nanosheets, such as high-power pulsed laser, materials processing, and frequency comb spectroscopy.

/pdf/ws2-mode-locked-ultrafast-fiber-laser-49gunsv68s.pdf

WS2 mode-locked ultrafast fiber laser

We report on the generation of a femtosecond pulse in a fiber ring laser by using a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) saturable absorber (SA). With a saturable optical intensity of 34  MW/cm2 and a modulation depth of ∼4.3%, the PVA-based MoS2 SA had been employed with an erbium-doped fiber ring laser as a mode locker. The mode-locking operation could be achieved at a low pump threshold of 22 mW. A ∼710  fs pulse centered at 1569.5 nm wavelength with a repetition rate of 12.09 MHz had been achieved with proper cavity dispersion. With the variation of net cavity dispersion, output pulses with durations from 0.71 to 1.46 ps were obtained. The achievement of a femtosecond pulse at 1.55 μm waveband demonstrates the broadband saturable absorption of MoS2, and also indicates that the filmy PVA-based MoS2 SA is indeed a good candidate for an ultrafast saturable absorption device.

Femtosecond pulse erbium-doped fiber laser by a few-layer MoS 2 saturable absorber

Low-dimensional (LD) materials demonstrate intriguing optical properties, which lead to applications in diverse fields, such as photonics, biomedicine and energy. Due to modulation of electronic structure by the reduced structural dimensionality, LD versions of metal, semiconductor and topological insulators (TIs) at the same time bear distinct nonlinear optical (NLO) properties as compared with their bulk counterparts. Their interaction with short pulse laser excitation exhibits a strong nonlinear character manifested by NLO absorption, giving rise to optical limiting or saturated absorption associated with excited state absorption and Pauli blocking in different materials. In particular, the saturable absorption of these emerging LD materials including two-dimensional semiconductors as well as colloidal TI nanoparticles has recently been utilized for Q-switching and mode-locking ultra-short pulse generation across the visible, near infrared and middle infrared wavelength regions. Beside the large operation bandwidth, these ultrafast photonics applications are especially benefit from the high recovery rate as well as the facile processibility of these LD materials. The prominent NLO response of these LD materials have also provided new avenues for the development of novel NLO and photonics devices for all-optical control as well as optical circuits beyond ultrafast lasers.

Emerging Low-Dimensional Materials for Nonlinear Optics and Ultrafast Photonics.

We demonstrated the dual-wavelength simultaneously Q-switched $\hbox{Nd}: \hbox{Lu}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}$ laser with a topological insulator $ \hbox{Bi}_{2}\hbox{Se}_{3}$ as the Q-switcher. The continuous-wave $\hbox{Nd}:\hbox{Lu}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}$ crystal laser with the slope efficiency of 31% was achieved, and the first $\hbox{Nd}:\hbox{Lu}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}$ pulsed laser operation was reported, as far as we know. By using the wavelength-insensitive saturable absorption of topological insulators, the dual wavelength of the $\hbox{Nd}:\hbox{Lu}_{2} \hbox{O}_{3}$ crystal laser can be Q-switched simultaneously without the frequency selection of the saturable absorber, since the emission cross-sections of $\hbox{Nd}:\hbox{Lu}_{2} \hbox{O}_{3}$ at the wavelengths of 1077 and 1081 nm are comparable. The results indicate that the topological insulator is wavelength-insensitive and should be suitable for the dual-wavelength simultaneously Q-switched laser as a passive Q-switcher. It can be proposed that this work would provide an efficient technology for the dual-wavelength simultaneously Q-switched laser, which has promising applications in many regimes.

Topological Insulator Simultaneously Q-Switched Dual-Wavelength $ \hbox{Nd}:\hbox{Lu}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}$ Laser

The continuous-wave (cw) and passively Q-switched laser performances of mixed Nd:Lu2YSc1.5Ga3.5O12 (Nd:LuYSGG) crystal at 1.06 μm were reported for the first time. The cw output power reached 4.39 W at the absorbed pump power of 10.34 W with slope efficiency of 48.0%. With a Cr4+:YAG crystal as both the saturable absorber and output coupler, a passively Q-switched laser was realized with the maximum average output power of 1.43 W and slope efficiency of 21.0%. The shortest pulse width, largest pulse energy, and highest peak power were 4.1 ns, 157.1 μJ, and 38.3 kW, respectively. Compared with Nd:Lu3Sc1.5Ga3.5O12 (Nd:LuSGG) crystal, the pulse energy and peak power are enhanced over more than two times for Nd:LuYSGG. The results show that Nd:LuYSGG crystal is a promising laser material with large energy storage capacities and suitable for the application of pulsed lasers with shorter pulses and larger energies.

Energy enhancement of mixed Nd:LuYSGG crystal in passively Q-switched lasers.

Thermal, spectroscopic and laser properties of Nd3+ in gadolinium scandium gallium garnet crystal produced by optical floating zone method

Topological insulators are states of quantum matter that have narrow topological nontrivial energy gaps and a large third-order nonlinear optical response. The optical absorption of topological insulators can become saturated under strong excitation. In this work, with Bi2Se3 as an example, it was demonstrated that a topological insulator can modulate the operation of a bulk solid-state laser by taking advantage of its saturable absorption. The result suggests that topological insulators are potentially attractive as broadband pulsed modulators for the generation of short and ultrashort pulses in bulk solid-state lasers, in addition to other promising applications in physics and computing.

http://www.opticsjournal.net/post/zggx/201370.pdf

Topological insulator as an optical modulator for pulsed solid‐state lasers

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Topological Insulator Simultaneously Q-Switched Dual-Wavelength $ \hbox{Nd}:\hbox{Lu}_{2}\hbox{O}_{3}$ Laser

Energy enhancement of mixed Nd:LuYSGG crystal in passively Q-switched lasers.

Thermal, spectroscopic and laser properties of Nd3+ in gadolinium scandium gallium garnet crystal produced by optical floating zone method

Topological insulator as an optical modulator for pulsed solid‐state lasers